The benefits come from needing fewer jobs for a given level of consumption rather than more.
So a given level of physical investment has cost less than had been thought.
But for a given level of education, Protestants and Catholics did equally well.
The performance bonus from minimizing risk for a given level of return (a key tenant of modern portfolio theory) has also been reduced.
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The result is less benefit for a given level of hiring.
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What a given level of income means for the quantity and quality of Britain's jobs depends not on the EU but on how our labour market works.
Similarly, when less risk and uncertainty is perceived, price-earnings ratios rise and investors are willing to pay a much larger amount for a given level of earnings.
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Each faculty member would be allowed a given level of total benefits and would make trade-offs among the various options in accordance with their individual risk tolerance and familial needs.
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The fiscal cost of abolishing death duties may seem trifling, but it still means that for a given level of public spending other taxes must rise, which may harm incentives more.
But Mr Willetts said the idea had "aroused quite a lot of concern across the sector", and said it could cause universities to drive their fees up higher to reach a given level of income.
In finance parlance and first described by Markowitz, this is an improved efficient frontier for portfolios: higher expected return for a given level of volatility, or lower volatility for a given level of expected return.
When greater risk and uncertainty in company and market prospects are perceived, price-earnings ratios contract, and consequently, valuations decline as investors are only willing to pay a smaller amount for a given level of earnings.
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Dr Willie Black, chairman of the organisation that represents European top-level domains and managing director of Nominet, said fear of a lawsuit was preventing Icann from signing a contract to provide a given level of service.
"Certainly a lot of artists might be unfairly judged as a result of this, but I think that given the high level of shock and sadness that permeated the country, nobody is willing to take any chances, " McCabe said.
That may seem like a stretch, given that on a macro level, shrinkage costs the industry about 2% of its annual sales in a given year.
This is particularly the case with a security that does not have a high level of trading activity on a given day.
It is unclear whether alerts would have made a difference in Cleveland, given the apparent level of planning by the alleged perpetrators, said Timothy Griffin, a professor of criminal justice at the University of Nevada Reno.
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The relative level of stability in portfolio holdings is not surprising given that our Sentiment Survey has been showing a cautious level of optimism, with both bullish and bearish sentiment near their historical averages.
Nevertheless, if McLaren were concerned Hamilton could get a penalty - and given the level of paranoia at the team about the motives of the FIA, world motorsport's governing body - they should have intervened, asked Hamilton to let Raikkonen back past again and then let them carry on.
But consultant forensic psychiatrist Dr Richard Latham, for the prosecution, said: "He was able to form an intention to do lots of other things, lots of other quite purposeful things, including getting to where he got to, which is a pretty staggering feat given the level of security there was there, " he said.
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This data that has been published by the UN agency is a serious cause for concern given the level of disturbance seen in Tunisia and of course, more dramatically and right now in Egypt.
This is a known phenomenon that can in principle be calculated and predicted based on a given sea-level rise, by means of the so-called Bruun effect.
One way we can try to measure the level of fear in a given stock is through a technical analysis indicator called the Relative Strength Index, or RSI, which measures momentum on a scale of zero to 100.
"What's clear to me is that they have been given the opportunity to enter into a new level of professionalism which you would not be getting at state or provincial level, " he said.
If I knew my mood, hunger level, and location at a given time of the day, I could figure out if my mood caused me to want to eat, or if I was unhappy at work and needed a different job.
Then again, there may not be as many investors looking to hedge this time around as compared to previous trips down to this level, given there is a lot of sideline cash and more shorts in the market relative to the recent past.
That honor goes to finding out, back during my first stay in China in the mid-1980s, when glasses were in short supply, that spectacles were distributed with preference given to those who had attained a high level of education, the notion being that academics and teachers needed to read for a living.
Category A status is the highest level of architectural protection given to buildings, and makes up about 8% of 47, 600 listings in Scotland.
There is a low level of venture capital funding in Japan, given that there are relatively few opportunities to chase.
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When a given cohort of startups reaches age five, its employment level is 80% of what it was when it began.
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