For example, despite investing in IT for decades, on a 7-point scale, the companies in the sample scored 4.66 on data quality, 4.21 on usability and 3.76 and intelligence.
Although the gap narrowed slightly between 1992 and 2007 -- about 7 points on a 500-point scale -- the disparity remains wide, with black students still scoring about 28 points behind whites.