他们继续除去分子，直到细胞不再转录基因为止。
They continue to remove molecules until the cell stops transcribing the gene.
进行了超转录组学研究以研究微生物群落的基因表达。
Metatranscriptomics studies have been performed to study the gene expression of microbial communities.
后来，来自美国哈佛大学的科学家证明，通过使老鼠的胰腺细胞感染上只携带三个转录因子的基因病毒，能将其重组。
Later, scientists from Harvard University in the us showed that mouse pancreas cells could be reprogrammed by infecting them with viruses carrying genes for just three transcription factors.
如果这些区域变成甲基化，它往往压制有关的基因转录。
If these areas become methylated, it tends to suppress transcription of the gene in question.
被称为基因的启动子区域的共同特性是在转录开始时包含了一个由C字母和G字母交替重复的长序列。
It is a common characteristic of the so-called promoter regions of genes, where transcription begins, that they contain long, repetitive sequences of alternating Cs and Gs.
这一新研究领域依赖于获得被称作转录因子的主蛋白质，这种蛋白质控制细胞中哪组基因被激活，从而也就控制了细胞拥有哪些特性。
The new field depends on capturing master proteins called transcription factors that control which sets of genes are active in a cell and thus what properties the cell will possess.
一个基因要起作用，必须通过信使分子将信息转录给细胞。
For a gene to do its work, it has to be transcribed into a molecular messenger.
而且在基因的启动子区域里也找不到它们，它们却在基因自己转录的部分。
Nor were they found in the promoter regions of genes, but rather in the transcribed parts of the genes themselves.
基因“开关”涉及乙酰化作用，也就是将乙酰基群在染色质的DNA水平上引入到分子中，由此完成基因转录。
The genetic switch involves acetylation, the introduction of an acetyl group into a molecule at the DNA level of chromatin resulting in genetic transcription.
另一种完全不同的方法是RNA干扰。它采用相对较新技术通过转录小rna分子来关闭各别基因。
A completely different approach is to use RNA interference, a relatively new technique for switching off individual genes by delivering short stretches of RNA.
这个科研小组对五名对至少两种传统抗逆转录疗法不敏感的患者实施了基因疗法。
The team treated five infected patients who had not responded to at least two different programmes of treatment using conventional anti-retroviral drugs.
遗传暗物质也隐约大时，科学家调查哪些基因被转录，或解码成rna。
Genetic dark matter also loomed large when scientists surveyed exactly which DNA was being transcribed, or decoded, into RNA.
信使RNA转录某个基因的信息越多，这个基因起的作用就越大。
The more RNA messengers that have been transcribed from a gene, the more active that gene is assumed to be.
尽管还无法确定病毒KoRV（考拉反转录病毒）是怎么传播的，但专家已经发现，这种病毒能够自我整合入动物的DNA，可随着基因遗传给后代，直接接触也会感染。
KoRV (koala retrovirus) integrates itself into the animalsâ DNA, and may be passed on genetically as well as through direct infection, experts have found, though they are unsure how it is spread.
事实上，这个转录因子似乎被保存在人类和草雀的基因中，让人不禁联想它可能在microRNA的控制路径中起到重要的作用。
The fact that this transcription factor appears to be conserved in humans and songbirds suggests it has an important function in microRNA regulatory pathways.
高脂肪组产的子鼠的葡萄糖代谢基因有些表观改变，组蛋白乙酰化环节——能打开DNA环使基因转录更容易——是其中一处改变。
The high-fat offspring also had epigenetic modifications to genes that regulate glucose metabolism.
基因组的某些区域天生就以高速率转录成蛋白质，而其它区域则基本上保持沉默。
Some regions of the genome are naturally transcribed into proteins at a high rate, whereas other regions are essentially silent.
例如，电路可以模拟出乳糖代谢基因与调节细菌细胞内乳糖代谢基因表达的转录因子之间的互动过程。
For example, circuits can simulate the interactions between genes involved in lactose metabolism and the transcription factors that regulate their expression in bacterial cells.
通过可视化单个基因层面的转录过程，研究人员能够得出人类自身促进剂和病毒性促进剂之间转录机制的不同之处。
By visualizing the process at the level of a single gene, the researchers were able to work out the different mechanics of transcription between the human and viral promoter.
草雀唱歌的行为改变了歌曲控制中心超过800处的基因表达，期中包括了一个可以改变他们转录因子和其目标的基因。
Singing changes expression for over 800 genes in the song control center, including ones that alter the expression of transcription factors and their targets.
为了找出原因，研究员分析了那种基因在获得耐药性是转录的最多，辨别几种参与了DNA修复途径。
To figure out why, the researchers analyzed which genes were being transcribed more as resistance developed, and identified several that are involved in DNA repair pathways.
显然，这种逆转录病毒基因填补了哺乳动物生物学的一个小生境，但是从另一方面来说，在第一次感染此类病毒以前，哺乳动物已经能够完美的生殖了。
Clearly, this retroviral gene fills an important niche in mammalian biology, but, on the other hand, mammals were able to reproduce perfectly well before they were first infected.
如果试验能成功，新的方法将取代已有“应急的”方法，通过用转录因子获得带有特定个体基因组的多能干细胞。
If that can be done, the new method may take over from the existing lash-up by which pluripotent stem cells with the genomes of particular individuals are made using transcription factors.
科学家们估计8.3%的人基因组可以追溯到逆转录病毒的感染。
Scientists estimate that 8.3 percent of the human genome can be traced back to retrovirus infections.
由它们产生的基因往往会超出寻常的被转录。
The genes they occurred in tended to be transcribed more than usual, not less.
以前的哺乳动物细胞基因转录可视化方法存在一个主要问题，那就是需要向细胞注入上百个特别标记的基因。
The chief problem with previous methods for visualizing transcription in mammalian cells is that these require researchers to blast cells with hundreds of copies of the specially tagged gene.
有时一个逆转录子会插在另一个中间，也给一个动物族群的进化的基因序列提供了重要的线索。
Sometimes one retroposon is inserted in the middle of another, again giving vital clues as to the sequence of events in a family's evolution.
之后，宿主细胞读取逆转录病毒的基因就像它们自己的一样，并制造新的逆转录病毒。
The cell then reads the retrovirus's genes as if they were its own, and manufactures new retroviruses.
举个例子来说，人类基因代码有大约8%属于内源性的逆转录病毒。
The human genome, for example, is thought to owe some 8 percent of its code to endogenous retroviruses.
举个例子来说，人类基因代码有大约8%属于内源性的逆转录病毒。
The human genome, for example, is thought to owe some 8 percent of its code to endogenous retroviruses.
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