新财政史将欧洲的历史看做是从贡赋国家经过领地国家和赋税国家最终转变为财政国家的过程。
In new fiscal history, the histories of Europe are processes which start from tribute states, pass through domain states and tax states, go to fiscal states.
每个人都指望经济反弹来帮助缓解国家的财政问题。
Everyone is banking on an economic rebound to help ease the state's fiscal problems.
这次会议将有许多国家的财政部长出席。
The meeting will be attended by finance ministers from many countries.
国家财政已经被旱灾和内乱消耗殆尽了。
The state's finances have been drained by drought and civil disorder.
财政部长明确指出了负债最多的一些国家。
The treasury secretary identified the most heavily indebted countries.
每个相关的国家可以增加在这一领域的博士论文和研究项目的奖学金和其他财政支助。
Each country concerned could increase the number of scholarships and other financial support for doctoral theses and research projects in this area.
但是，在给予和接受财政援助的国家，所有这些都不受欢迎。
None of this is popular, however, in the countries that give and receive financial aid.
如果它为希腊而放松规定，这会助长其他国家的财政松散。
If it relaxes the rules for Greece, it will encourage fiscal laxity in other countries.
投资者对部分欧洲国家财政紧张的问题是否反应过度还无法确定。
Whether investors have overreacted to strained finances of some European countries remains an open question.
这样的规则和公共财政贫穷国家的准入之间的不协调被抛诸脑后，诸如沉重债务的意大利和希腊。
The tension between such a rule and the admission of countries with poor public finances, such as heavily indebted Italy and Greece, was brushed aside.
那些面临财政危机的国家也是如此。
并且今天的投资者相较新兴市场更有理由担忧发达国家的财政地位。
And investors today have more reason to be worried about rich countries' fiscal positions than those of emerging markets.
在其他国家，财政刺激并不清楚具体要在什么项目上。
In other countries, fiscal stimulants are raising the spectre of "Bridges to nowhere".
条约规定，对于陷入财政困境的国家，不会给予援助。
The treaty stipulated that there would be no bail-out of a country that got into fiscal trouble.
IMF已经救助了几个财政特别困难的国家，包括冰岛，乌克兰，匈牙利。
The IMF has already bailed out several countries that have been particularly badly hit by the financial meltdown, including Iceland, Ukraine and Hungary.
各方正在形成一个共识，即在巨额财政赤字的国家，政策制定者应大幅收紧财政政策。
A consensus is forming that policymakers should tighten fiscal policy, sharply, in countries with large fiscal deficits.
其他发达国家的财政收缩政策比美国的更为合理，虽然收缩规模可能过大。
Outside America the design of fiscal consolidation is more sensible, though the scale may be excessive.
至今为止，有着稳定的公共财政状况的国家尤其是在欧元区内发号施令的德国，并不赞同推行欧洲债券。
Until now the countries that call the shots in the euro area-those with strong public finances, notably germany-have viewed Eurobonds with horror.
主要靠升值货币来改变盈余的国家，和那些靠财政或货币刺激计划的国家完全不同。
Countries that engineered a reversal primarily by revaluing their currency fared differently from those that relied on fiscal or monetary stimulus.
那些制定规则的国家的财政调整比不制定国家多持续了将近两年。
Fiscal adjustments persisted for nearly two years longer in countries that had rules than in those without them.
但是开支大户诸如美国和英国已经将要达到其支出极限，而一些财政鹰派国家例如德国却坚持其做的已经够了。
But big spenders such as America and Britain are up against their limits and fiscal hawks such as Germany are stubbornly convinced they have done enough.
然而，希腊的公共财政问题远在富裕国家的银行危机开始之前就已经积累。
Yet Greece’s public-finance problems were brewing long before the rich world’s banks started to falter.
然而，希腊的公共财政问题远在富裕国家的银行危机开始之前就已经积累。
Yet Greece’s public-finance problems were brewing long before the rich world’s banks started to falter.
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