其根本原因，不外乎是地球的表面受了两种力，一是外力，二是内力。
The fundamental reason, nothing more than the earth's surface is subject to two forces, one is the external force, the two is the internal force.
研究在外力激励下含有环向表面裂纹损伤的壳式管道的波传播与功率流特性，并给出裂纹识别方法。
The wave propagation and power flow characteristics of a shell-type pipe with circumferential surface crack are investigated and the method for crack detection is proposed.
应用假设应力杂交元的方法，导出了一个八节点的实体元。此元具有二个平行的表面及一个无外力自由的园柱表面。
An eight-node solid element with two parallel faces and one traction-free cylindrical surface is derived using the assumed stress hybrid method.
结果表明，这种加工后出现的线性缺陷并非裂纹，而是卷入铸件的氧化膜受外力作用后在叶片表面的显现。
It was indicated that the linear defect appeared after machining is not crack, it is the appearance of oxide film involved in the casting under the effect of external force.
结果表明，这种加工后出现的线性缺陷并非裂纹，而是卷入铸件的氧化膜受外力作用后在叶片表面的显现。
It was indicated that the linear defect appeared after machining is not crack, it is the appearance of oxide film involved in the casting under the effect of external force.
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