影响边际成本曲线的外部经济，对于得出一条负斜率的行业供给曲线是非常重要的——图5.11即以这种情况说明上面相同的观点。
Figure 5.11 illustrates the same point for the case in which external economies affecting marginal cost curves are sufficiently important to yield a negatively sloping supply curve to the industry.
而如果行业的要素供给曲线是正斜率的话，所有厂商就不可能在价格不变的情况下同时得到更多的生产要素。
But if factor supply curves to the industry slope positively, all firms together cannot get an increased quantity of factors of production at an unchanged price.
现在，也许可以认为行业面对的这些要素的供给曲线是水平的。
Now it may be that the supply curves to the industry of these factors can be taken as horizontal.
另外，就作为一个整体的行业而言，将其可变要素供给曲线视为水平线之所以是恰当的，还有其他理由。
For the industry as a whole, there is another reason why it might be appropriate to regard the supply curves of the variable factors to the industry as horizontal.
图5.7 (a)意味着行业的供给曲线为正斜率，因为与需求增加相应的价格(OE)要高于初始需求的价格(OE)。
Figure 5.7 (a) implies a positively sloped supply curve for the industry, since the price associated with the increased demand (OE) is higher than the price associated with the initial demand (OE ').
图5.7 (a)意味着行业的供给曲线为正斜率，因为与需求增加相应的价格(OE)要高于初始需求的价格(OE)。
Figure 5.7 (a) implies a positively sloped supply curve for the industry, since the price associated with the increased demand (OE) is higher than the price associated with the initial demand (OE ').
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