型糖尿病是由于胰腺中的胰岛素细胞被破坏而引发的。
This is caused by the destruction of insulin-producing cells in the pancreas.
患有更严重类型的糖尿病患者其胰岛素分泌细胞存在问题。
Sufferers from the more severe form of diabetes have faulty insulin-producing cells.
例如，某些蛋白质的过量会导致细胞异常增殖并癌变；胰岛素蛋白质的缺乏会导致糖尿病。
For example, an excess of certain proteins can cause cells to proliferate abnormally and become cancerous; a lack of the protein insulin results in diabetes.
现在，如果胰岛素这把“钥匙”无法打开细胞让葡萄糖进入，一定是有东西干扰。
Now, if the insulin "key" cannot open up the cell to glucose, there is something interfering with it.
胰岛素必须出现，葡萄糖才能够进入细胞。
所以，应该用饮食把脂肪从细胞里排出来，使胰岛素可以再次起作用。
So, the diet should be getting the fat out of the cells so insulincan work again.
当人吃饭时，葡萄糖进入血液，促使胰腺释放胰岛素，这是一种帮助细胞存储能量供以后使用的激素。
When you eat, glucose enters your bloodstream and triggers your pancreas to release insulin, a hormone that helps cells store glucose as energy for later use.
只要你身体的胰岛素能够正常护送葡萄糖进入细胞，就不会得糖尿病。
So long as your body's insulin can escort glucose into the cells normally, diabetes will not occur.
当身体对胰岛素产生抵抗力时，细胞便不能得到所需的能量。
When your body is resistant to insulin, your cells can't get the energy they need.
它们也生产出胰岛素，这就证明了母亲在细胞水平的确起着干预作用。
They also produced insulin, demonstrating that mothers do indeed interfere at a cellular level.
有几年，治愈的说法看来已经成真了，直到大多的受体中的移植细胞停止产生胰岛素，患者只得重新开始注射。
It looked for a few years like the real deal - until most of the transplanted cells stopped producing insulin in most recipients, and the patients had to resume taking injections.
肥胖和超重的人，有更大的可能形成胰岛素抵抗，在这种情况下，细胞不再对胰岛素起反应，不再吸收葡萄糖。
Obese and overweight people, are more likely to develop insulin resistance, a condition in which the cells no longer respond to the hormone and absorb glucose.
在新研究中，科学家们证明了自身胰岛素生产细胞被化学性破坏的动物可在植入物的帮助下继续存活。
In the new research, scientists showed that animals whose own insulin producing cells were chemically destroyed could survive with the implant.
但与正常小鼠不同，那些使用改变巨噬细胞的表明免疫炎症症状，像在胰岛素产生的变化那样，高水平免疫化学物，和在它们腹部脂肪中的巨噬细胞。
But unlike the normal mice, those with altered macrophages showed no signs of inflammation, such as changes in insulin production, high levels of immune chemicals, and macrophages in their belly fat.
锁内的口香糖使得前门难以打开，同样地，肌肉细胞内的脂肪颗粒干扰胰岛素为葡萄糖打开细胞的努力。
In the same way that chewing gum in a lock makes it hard to open your front door, fat particles inside muscle cells interfere with insulin's efforts to open the cell to glucose.
导致糖尿病的对胰岛素的抵抗看来是由聚积在肌肉细胞和肝脏内的脂肪引起的。
The resistance to insulin that leads to diabetes appears to be caused by a build-up of fat inside the muscle cells and also inside the liver.
这些脂肪进入细胞内，而且导致胰岛素抵抗。
具体说，自由基使得肌细胞能够对胰岛素作出响应。
这些相同的抗体然后毁灭胰腺里的那些生产胰岛素的细胞。
Those same antibodies then destroy the insulinproducing cells in the pancreas.
若一切正常，胰岛素会适时控制细胞吸收血液中的葡萄糖，一般是在饭后。
When all is going well, it lets cells know when they need to mop up glucose from the blood, usually just after a person has eaten.
即使不是这样，随葡萄糖而来的胰岛细胞的毁坏也许跟胰岛素抵抗的形成没有关系。
Even if it is not, the destruction of pancreatic cells that comes with diabetes may be unrelated to the development of insulin resistance.
为了使一个细胞能够直接对胰岛素做出反应，因此在它表面必须有一个胰岛素受体。
In order for a cell to respond directly to insulin it must display an insulin receptor on its surface.
然而，有糖尿病的人，胰腺要么生成一点或根本没有生成胰岛素，或者是细胞没有正确的反应胰腺分泌的胰岛素。
In people with diabetes, however, the pancreas either produces little or no insulin, or the cells do not respond appropriately to the insulin that is produced.
尽管胰岛素对于这些细胞的影响还没有被很清楚的了解，但科学家知道成骨细胞中存在胰岛素受体却已经是事实了。
Scientists have known for some time that the bone-building osteoblasts have insulin receptors, although the effect of insulin on these cells was not well understood.
当我们吃的时候，胰岛将自动的分泌足够的胰岛素，这些胰岛素将葡萄糖从血液中移进我们的细胞。
When we eat, the pancreas automatically produces the right amount of insulin to move glucose from blood into our cells.
在将老鼠的肝细胞转变为制造胰岛素的细胞后，科学家们现在断言，糖尿病的治疗将会取得进展。
But now scientists claim a cure could be developed after cells in the liver were converted to insulin producers in research on mice.
胰岛素是绑在细胞上的胰岛素受体上的。
Insulin binds to what are called insulin receptors on your cells.
以前曾已将肝细胞转变为制造胰岛素的细胞，但科学家明白该技术还是首次，他们也相信最终该技术将应用于人类的糖尿病治疗。
Liver cells have been coverted to insulin producers before but this is the first time scientists have understood the technique and believe eventually could lead to treatment for humans.
它们可不附加任何基因而被诱导为胚胎样细胞，然后变为胰岛素分泌细胞，加里卡诺说此方法比其它方法更少的诱发恶性肿瘤。
They can be coaxed into an embryonic-like state without any additional genes, and after becoming insulin-producing cells, they produce less cancer than other methods, according to Gallicano.
它们可不附加任何基因而被诱导为胚胎样细胞，然后变为胰岛素分泌细胞，加里卡诺说此方法比其它方法更少的诱发恶性肿瘤。
They can be coaxed into an embryonic-like state without any additional genes, and after becoming insulin-producing cells, they produce less cancer than other methods, according to Gallicano.
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