在系统被创建的年代——即使不是几十年以前——这些应用程序时常由掌握较老的3gl和4gl语言的IT人员开发。
Created years — if not decades ago — these applications were oftentimes customized by an IT staff trained in older 3gl and 4gl languages.
有由触笔操控的银幕键盘，需要很高的技巧去掌握。
It has a stylus-operated on-screen keyboard that takes great skill to master.
执行权由董事长掌握。
由英国安全机构的掌握的一个关键问题将会是任何不利于夫妇的证据的本质。
A key question will be the nature of any evidence against the couple obtained by the British security services.
整个团队都可以管理需求，但是需求的控制权是由产品所有者掌握的。
Requirements are managed by the entire team but are under the control of the product owner.
有很多有趣的证据表明如果每种语言由不同的人来对孩子说，那么他们可以轻松同时掌握这两种语言。
There is much anecdotal evidence to show that children can easily learn two languages simultaneously if each language is spoken to them by a different person or persons.
注意我们没有包含项目优先化，这是一个可能由一些行业或更高的跨组织的权力机构所掌握的决策实例。
Note that we do not include project prioritization; this is an example of a decision that may be held by a line of business or higher cross-organizational authority.
长期以来人们往往更倾向于相信命运掌握在自己手中，而非由自然或环境掌控。
IT is often nicer to believe your destiny is in your hands than that your fate is sealed by nature or circumstance.
在权力集中掌握在少数国家的时代背景下，“布雷顿森林体系”由44个国家共同制定而成。
The Bretton Woods system was forged by 44 countries at a time when power was concentrated in a small number of states.
所有这些技能通过非正式的既定程序传授，如果孩子的全部时间由正式学习独占，他就无法掌握这些技能。
These and a million other skills are imparted by the informal maturity process and are not developed if formal learning monopolizes a child’s time.
总的来说，一个计算机系统是由不同的“子系统”组成的，因此程序员需要掌握一些设计技巧或者自上而下的思维方法，这样才能从整体上把握全局。
Generally, a computer system is comprised of different "sub" systems so a programmer needs to have some design or top-down thinking skills to see the program from the larger picture.
从新兴市场经济体那我们可以发现，比较优势以及全球竞争力并非只是国家天然禀赋使然，而是可以由国家自己掌握主动的。
As EMEs have shown us, comparative advantage and global competitiveness are not inevitable consequences of factor endowments-they are the result of the choices we make as nations.
反而，由美国训练且拥有治理利比亚经历的人士组成的“执行委员会”，已经开始掌握支配权。
Instead, an "executive committee", whose members are American-trained and experienced in running Libya, has taken up the REINS.
比如说，要促使经济由廉价劳动力驱动向智力驱动转变，大学和各种学校发挥着重要作用，可是，这些机构依旧掌握在国家手中，体制僵硬，质量平平。
Schools and universities, for example, are vital for the shift to an economy driven by brainpower instead of cheap labour, but they remain state-run, rigid and mediocre.
最近，在由美国律师协会举办的一次网络研讨会上，针对“如何推销自己，获得全场最高分”的议题，专家们给出了成功面试所需掌握的必要工具及相关技巧。
At a recent webinar sponsored by the American Bar Association, "How to Sell Yourself: Developing the Perfect Pitch," panelists outlined the tools and skills necessary for a great interview.
最引人注目的MF公司的正在进行的态度转变工作主要是由科尔津先生做得，他去年掌握着控制的权利。
The impressive turnaround under way at MF is largely the work of Mr Corzine, who took the reins last year.
HDR技术被认为是大多是由专业人士掌握的一项专门技术。
HDR was considered a specialised technique employed mostly by professionals.
由南非保险公司OldMutual掌握的52%股份将在伦敦上市，这意味着在南非当地不会造成什么混乱。
The 52% stake is owned by Old Mutual, an insurance firm with South African roots but which is listed in London.
海盗湾本身不掌握内容，只掌握P2P文件共享软件BT传播的由使用者掌握的索引文件。
The Pirate Bay does not host content itself, but indexes files hosted by users of the peer-to-peer filesharing tool BitTorrent.
Baynote的创始人和总裁贾石琏称，传统的电子商务和普通商务是由专家引导的，但现在，大众在零售方面正掌握着决策主导权。
Jack Jia, founder and CEO of Baynote, said that traditional e-commerce and commerce in general has been expert-driven, but now the crowds are driving decision-making in retail.
布什绝佳好豆(Bush'sBest Beans)的杰伊·布什(Jay Bush)在广告中说，“我们的祖传烤豆神秘配方经历了数百年，一直由布什家族掌握。” 布什的最佳豆类， “我们的烤豆子是由神秘配方这是流传下来，并严密保护几代布什家族。
According to Jay Bush of Bush's Best Beans, "Our baked beans are made from a secret recipe that's been passed down and closely guarded by generations of the Bush family."
可达成的目标则是由自己直接掌握。
掌握记忆之术必须使人的头脑对应于宇宙的和谐，宇宙的和谐依据一定的法则，而那法则是由神的头脑创造的。
The Art of Memory is the effort to align one's mind with the harmony of the Universe, following the rules which the Divine mind created for it.
在意大利，要让你的生意伙伴来掌握谈判的节奏，随着他们的导引，逐步由社交话题进入到业务话题讨论阶段。
Allow your Italian business colleagues to set the pace for your negotiations. Follow their lead as to when it is appropriate to move from social to business discussions.
他决定由自己兼任石油部长，并任命尼日利亚国家石油公司的新任总裁为他的副手，其目的是为了把有价值的资源掌握在他的亲信手中。
His decision to keep the oil post for himself, while appointing the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation's new head as his deputy, was designed to keep the valuable resource in hands he can trust.
水下摄影带给人的愉悦和兴奋是由心而发，毕竟不是所有人都能掌握手动设定。
Underwater photography is inherently fun and exciting enough that dealing with manual settings is not for everyone.
虽然汽车是由金属部件焊接构成，但并不意味着你必须熟练掌握焊接技术才能开车。
Just because your car is constructed of welded metal parts doesn't mean that you must be skilled with a welding torch to drive it.
虽然汽车是由金属部件焊接构成，但并不意味着你必须熟练掌握焊接技术才能开车。
Just because your car is constructed of welded metal parts doesn't mean that you must be skilled with a welding torch to drive it.
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