方法用基因正向突变和周期阻断法微核实验作为启动阶段指标；
MethodsGene forward mutation method and micronuclei formation test were used to test the effects on the initiation of carcinogenesis;
本论文以正向遗传学的方法研究花药及花粉发育过程的基因功能，主要利用图位克隆的方法从拟南芥雄性不育突变体中克隆相应的基因。
In this dissertation we focused on the function of genes associated with anther and pollen development including map-based cloning of Arabidopsis genes from male sterile mutants.
基因重复的最主要贡献是在进化过程中为基因突变和正向选择提供遗传材料，为基因的进化提供可能性。
The main contribution of gene duplication is providing materials for mutation, transition and selection, and furthermore, a probability for genetic evolution.
随后，正向选择会固定有益突变，加强新产生的功能。
Then these mutations create new but weakly active functions in one daughter gene.
随后，正向选择会固定有益突变，加强新产生的功能。
Then these mutations create new but weakly active functions in one daughter gene.
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