植物的进化史以一系列适应性变化为标志。
The evolutionary history of plants has been marked by a series of adaptations.
我们知道蜜蜂可以通过传播花粉和对其他植物授粉而影响植物的进化。
Bees are known to affect plant evolution by spreading pollen and preferring to pollinate some types of plants over others.
百合属植物的进化研究具有重要的理论意义，对汀发利用淡黄花百合花卉具有重要的现实意义。
The study has important meaning of theory for evolutional study on plants in Lilium, and meaning of reality for development and utilization of the lily flower.
在大约3.6亿年前，野生胡萝卜也许是和其它开花植物一起进化的。
Wild carrots probably evolved with the other flowering plants about 360 million years ago.
通过比较食肉植物和其他物种的DNA，科学家发现它们至少在6个不同的时期独立进化。
By comparing the DNA of carnivorous plants with other species, scientists have found that they evolved independently on at least six separate occasions.
根据这篇文章的观点，由于植物无法逃离危险，所以将能量投入到能够识别威胁并感知疼痛的身体系统中，是一个非常糟糕的进化策略。
Plants can't run away from danger, so investing energy in a body system which recognizes a threat and can feel pain would be a very poor evolutionary strategy, according to the article.
所有这些特征都出现在植物进化史的后期。
All of these features appeared later in the evolutionary history of plants.
在一些案例中，科学家可以看到复杂的食肉植物是如何从简单的植物进化而来的。
In several cases, scientists can see how complex carnivorous plants evolved from simpler ones.
生物学上的假设包括生态变化，这些变化是由昆虫和开花植物之间的共同进化，或海洋中以海底生物为食的捕食者的进化所带来的。
Biological hypotheses include ecological changes brought about by the evolution of cooperation between insects and flowering plants or of bottom-feeding predators in the oceans.
这些条件有助于进化出用于支撑枝干的结构、运输水分和养分到植物各部分的导管以及储存水分的结构。
These conditions favored the evolution of the structures that support the body, vessels that transport water and nutrients to all parts of plant, and structures that conserve water.
最成功的陆生植物群体是那些进化出了受精性细胞散布方法的群体，这些方法不依赖于水和防止发育中的胚胎干涸的结构。
The most successful groups of land plants are those that evolved methods of fertilized sex cell dispersal that are independent of water and structures that protest developing embryos from drying out.
由此产生的对干燥陆地的适应包括一些在植物进化早期就出现的结构特征；现在这些特征对于几乎所有陆地植物来说都是很常见的。
The resulting adaptations to dry land include some structural features that arose early in plant evolution; now these features are common to virtually all land plant.
进化论的作者、年轻的英国植物学家查尔斯·达尔文，是第一个看到落叶柏树干圆周长达一百三十英尺的欧洲人。
A young English botanist named Charles Darwin, the author of the theory of evolution, was the first European to see alerces, with trunks that had a circumference of 130 feet.
在更新世以来的这些年里，当地的物种已经适应了那里不断变化的环境，植物，小动物，它们已经在没有巨型动物的情况下进化了几千年。
In the years since the Pleistocene epoch, native species have adapted to the changing environmental there, plants, smaller animals, they have been evolving without megafauna for millennia.
它们可能是通过修饰植物类藻类祖先的概念而进化而来的。
They may have evolved by the modification of conceptacles from plants' alga-like ancestors.
但是一些植物，包括玉米和高粱，进化成了使用C4型的光合作用。
But some plants, including maize and sorghum, have evolved to use a type called C4.
这种研究将让人们以一个全新的视角看待植物行为和进化。
It could provide a whole new perspective on plant behavior and evolution.
我认为这些结论都很勉强，实际上都缺乏逻辑。只要一个人假设我们的祖先采用植物性食品亦能在过去的进化中生存下来的可能性，都能认识到这一点。
I find this view to be highly constrained and, indeed, illogical, especially if one assumes the strong possibility that humans survived on a plant-based diet in our evolutionary past.
生物学家认为这种植物进化出捕食的能力是适应潮湿、贫瘠土壤的一种途径。
Biologists suggest that the plants evolved the ability to capture prey as a way to adapt to living in moist, nutrient-poor soils.
因此这些沙漠植物进化出保持水分的各种方式，包括长着极其细小的叶子以缩减暴露在炎炎烈日中的面积。
And so desert plants have evolved ways to stay hydrated, including sporting tiny leaves to reduce the surface area exposed to the sun's water-zapping rays.
而这些植物种类也是最有可能进化为最具抵抗能力的物种。
Those plant species are also themost likely to develop broader defenses against predators.
《被子植物的风媒进化》——生态学及进化论趋势17：361 - 369。
"The evolution of wind pollination in angiosperms." Trends in Ecology and evolution 17:361-369.
植物早在二十五亿年前就进化出分解水这一功能，这个反应作用是大气中几乎所有氧气的来源。
Plants evolved the ability to do this more than 2.5bn years ago and the reaction is the source of almost all the oxygen in the atmosphere.
曾经，在植物与动物的进化之前，细菌就是这个星球上生命的全部。
Once, before the evolution of plants and animals, bacteria were all there was.
发现的化石：现在的苔类是已知的最古老的一种植物，可能进化自藻类。
Fossils found: Modern liverworts are one of the oldest known species of plant, thought to have evolved from algae.
为了产生有效能，植物进化出了异常精密的“纳米机器”，它以光为能量来源，光能转化率达到了完美的100％。
To generate useful energy, plants have evolved very sophisticated "nano-machinery" which operates with light as its energy source and gives a perfect quantum yield of 100%.
橡胶形成的进化目的，以及橡胶之所以分别出现在橡胶树、银胶菊、蒲公英等各种各样的植物中的原因，在于它能黏住食草昆虫的口器。
The evolutionary purpose of rubber, and the reason why it has appeared independently in plants as diverse as trees, guayule and dandelions, is that it gums up the mouthparts of herbivorous insects.
吉尔曼称，如果生长在比较温暖气候中的植物进化得较快，生活在那里的动物也将不得不加快进化速度，以便跟其食物的快速适应性防御保持同步。
Gillman says that if plants in warmer climates evolve more quickly, mammals living there will also have to speed up their evolution to keep pace with their food's rapidly adapting defenses.
汤普森也担心，气候变暖的步伐比植物适应和进化的能力快——尤其是寿命长的树木——这使许多地区的植物面临逐渐死亡的危险。
Thompson also fears that the pace of climate warming is faster than the ability of plants - particularly long-lived trees - to adapt and evolve, leaving some at risk of dying out in many areas.
汤普森也担心，气候变暖的步伐比植物适应和进化的能力快——尤其是寿命长的树木——这使许多地区的植物面临逐渐死亡的危险。
Thompson also fears that the pace of climate warming is faster than the ability of plants - particularly long-lived trees - to adapt and evolve, leaving some at risk of dying out in many areas.
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