四倍体是指在细胞顶部包含4组染色体的细胞。
Tetraploidy means cells containing 4 sets of chromosomes atop.
节节麦是普通小麦D染色体组的供体种。
染色体组包涵很多基因，太多的错误复制，损伤和遗漏会导致数以万计的基因改变。
Chromosomes contain many genes, so mis-copies, breaks and omissions lead to tens of thousands of genetic changes.
他说，并不是几处基因突变就能导致细胞不受控制地疯长，癌细胞是因整套染色体组的瓦解之后形成的。
Rather than springing from a few genetic mutations that spur cells to grow at an uncontrolled pace, cancerous tumors grow from a disruption of entire chromosomes, he says.
目前，研究人员正在分析这种疾病的染色体结构，并已识别出它的染色体组型。
The team is working on the disease's chromosome structure and has just identified the karyotype. (Karyotypes are pictures of cellular chromosomes that are used to check for abnormalities.)
自动化dna分析在诸如染色体作图，基因组测序以及DNA、RNA与蛋白质互作这类领域的应用潜力巨大。
Automated DNA synthesis has been essential in such fields as chromosome mapping, genomic sequencing and the study of interactions between DNA, RNA and proteins.
首先，一些多余的基因片段被永久性地写入细胞染色体组。
First, they permanently inserted the extra genes into the reprogrammed cell's genome.
他们将释迦的染色体组跟拟南芥的无核突变体进行比较，后者常用于各种实验中。
They compared its genome to that of a seedless mutant of a plant called Arabidopsis that’s used in a lot of research.
但是在Y染色体上却存在30%的DNA差别，这意味着两个物种的Y染色体比其它基因组变化得更快。
But the Y chromosomes differ in 30 percent of their DNA, meaning that these chromosomes are changing far faster in both species than the rest of the genome.
这种植物种群数量的“大爆炸”是在古代植物染色体组加倍时发生的。染色体组加倍给植物提供了大量具有新功能的基因，这些新基因又形成了新特性。
These "big bangs" in plant evolution occurred when the genomes of ancient plants duplicated, providing vast Numbers of new genes that could take on new functions and lead to new traits.
例如，医学组织使用RDF来表述染色体组数据库。
For example, the medical community USES RDF to describe genomic databases.
我们认为区别只会在染色体中，但是事实上我们在染色体组中都发现了差别。
We had thought that the differences were only going to be in defined areas of the chromosome but in fact we found differences all over the genome, "Dr Lawniczak said."
我们认为区别只会在染色体中，但是事实上我们在染色体组中都发现了差别。
We had thought that the differences were only going to be in defined areas of the chromosome but in fact we found differences all over the genome, " Dr Lawniczak said.
随着染色体组学，纳米技术以及高速计算让制造更精密的设备变得可能，这个行业的长期前景也变得十分光明。
The long-term trends also look promising as the confluence of genomics, nanotechnology and high-speed computing make possible more elaborate devices.
他们将人类染色体组与黑猩猩和猕猴比照之后，发现有510段基因序列在人类体中被删去了。
They compared the human genome with those of the chimpanzee and macaque, and came up with 510 stretches of DNA that have been conserved in our primate relatives but deleted in humans.
这些卵细胞携带着最健康的染色体组，可以防止编译过程中的基因流失。
They pick the healthiest set of chromosomes, preventing the loss of vital variation.
另外的一些人希望更多了解自己：一个团体叫DIYgenomics团结一致了分析他们的染色体组，甚至进行和参与小临床试验。
Others hope to learn more about themselves: a group called DIYgenomics has banded together to analyse their genomes, and even conduct and participate in small clinical trials.
这些都是染色体组型分析方法的改进。
现阶段，染色体显带技术的发明为染色体组型分析铺就了一条更精确，更准确的研究道路。
In this stage, the invention of banding technique set karyotype analysis in the way to more micro and precise research.
来自查珀希尔得北卡罗来纳大学的科学家宣称，他们破解了整个HIV染色体组结构的编码。
Scientists at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill announce they have decoded the structure of an entire HIV genome.
胚胎从同样的双亲继承所有的染色体组是不可能的。
Embryos that inherit both sets of chromosomes from the same parent are not viable.
四倍体育种中染色体组操作的结果除了产生整倍体外，还产生大量的非整倍体。
Manipulation of chromosome in tetraploid breeding resulted in not only euploids, but also a great many aneuploids.
这些囊胚细胞，称卵裂球，每个细胞都有一套二倍体染色体组。
The cells of the blastula, called blastomeres, also each receive a full diploid set of chromosomes.
他们将释迦的染色体组跟拟南芥的无核突变体进行比较，后者常用于各种实验中。
They compared its genome to that of a seedless mutant of a plant called Arabidopsis that's used in a lot of research.
矮秆波兰小麦具有基本的AB染色体组，在染色体结构上存在一定程度的重排。
Dwarfing polish wheat had the basic genome of AB, but has some rearrangement in its chromosome structure.
进行人类染色体组型分析就是根据上述特征对人类染色体进行分组、排列和配对。
A type of human genome analysis based on the above characteristics of the division of human chromosomes, and with matching.
经基因组原位杂交鉴定，BC1F4代中有披碱草的染色体组或染色体片段。
The genomic in situ hybridization showed that there are chromosomes or chromosome fragments of Elymus dahuricus in BC1F4.
有丝分裂早中期至中期两个不同时期G-带带纹总数减少36％，染色体组的绝对长度缩短25％，带数减少的幅度大于染色体长度缩短的幅度。
The total number of G-bands was reduced by 36 percent, the absolute length of chromosome complement was contracted with 25 percent when cell mitosis proceeded from prometaphase to metaphase.
这些结果证明供体燕麦上可能携带抗小麦条锈菌的新基因，并已通过花粉管通道进入小麦，整合到小麦的染色体组中，稳定表达。
The result also indicated that the new genes resistant to yellow rust may be carried on oat DNA, which have been integrated into the genome of wheat and expressed steadily.
虽然人类的染色体组很多部分都是相同的，但是微小的基因差别也许会对应他们在疾病上的不同感受和在治疗后的不同反应。
Although humans share most of their genome with one another, slight genetic differences may correspond to variation in their susceptibility to diseases and responses to therapeutics.
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