能够明确问题，收集数据，依据事实得出有效结论。
Ability to define problems collects data, establish facts and draw valid conclusions.
我怀疑这样的实验方法，也怀疑他们收集的数据不足以得出有效结论。
I have doubts about the methods and whether the effort of data gathering is sufficient to arrive at a useful conclusion.
本资料将解释结论的功能，撰写有效结论的技术，帮助你评估自己起草的结论是否有力，并且提出应当避免的一些结论类型。
This handout will explain the functions of conclusions, offer strategies for writing effective ones, help you evaluate your drafted conclusions, and suggest conclusion strategies to avoid.
尽管有这些优势，隐性结论并不总是比显性结论更有效。
Despite these advantages, implicit conclusions may not always be more effective than explicit conclusions.
第三个风险是，消费者可能会推断出预期的结论，但对其推论的有效性提出质疑。
A third risk is that consumers may infer the intended conclusion but question the validity of their inference.
世卫组织专家小组特别重视科学质量，主要利用同行审评的杂志中的信息，从而可以得到有效的结论。
The WHO Expert Group placed particular emphasis on scientific quality, using information mainly in peer-reviewed journals, so that valid conclusions could be drawn.
现在唯一重要的是你们要理解，什么事演绎的有效论点，也就是真理保留，如果前提是真的，结论必定是真的。
The only that that is important now is that you understand what a deductively valid argument is. That it is truth preserving, if the premises are true then the conclusion must be true.
如果一个论点有效，如果前提为真，那么结论肯定为真。
If an argument is valid and if the premises are true then the conclusion must be true.
如果一个论点有效，那么前提为真，我们可以确定它的结论为真。
If an argument is valid, then it it's premises are true we can be certain its conclusion is true.
这是因为我们经常不知道前提的真理，我们经常测试前提的真理，通过建设有效的论点，测试结论的真理。
That's because we often don't know the truth of our premises and we often test the truth of our premises by constructing valid arguments and testing the truth of the conclusion.
如果我们看到有效论点的结论为假，你们知道什么？有一点长。
So if we see the conclusion of a valid argument is false what do you know? A little bit longer.
不要喊出来，所以这个论点有效，如果我们有真前提和真结论。
Don't shout out your answer so is the argument valid if we got true premises and a true conclusion.
我再来提醒一下，论点有效，如果且仅如果前提为真，结论肯定为真。
Let me remind you again that an argument is valid if and only if the premises are true the conclusion must be true.
“这方面的例证不胜枚举，即便在生殖生物学里，自然方法也未必是最优和最有效的。”这就是报告的结论。
"There are many examples even in reproductive biology that the natural way is not necessarily the optimal or the most efficient one," they conclude.
原因是因为论点有效，如果且仅如果没有可能情况，所有的前提都为真结论为假。
And the reason for that because an argument is valid if and only if there are no possible situation in which all its premises are true and its conclusion false.
假前提和真结论，可能有效吗？
实际上一个有效论点没有真前提和真结论，什么是有效论点呢？
Actually a valid argument doesn't have true premises and true conclusion what is a valid argument?
假前提假结论可能有效吗？
How about false premises false conclusion could it be valid?
结论为真，但是可以，这仍然有效。
如果我们可以展示有效论点的结论-，举手，如果我们可以展示，有效论点的结论为假，我们知道什么？
If we can show the conclusion of a valid argument - put your hand up-if we can show the conclusion of a valid argument is false what do we know?
一个前提为真，另一个为假，结论为假，这看起来有效。
Here one premise is true and the other is false and the conclusion is false. That seems to be valid as well.
我说实际上发现那是有效论点，结论为假，可能很重要。
And I am saying actually the discovery that the valid argument is that the conclusion in which is false can be hugely important.
前提都为假，结论为假，实际上可能也有效。
How about the premises are both false and the conclusion false, in fact that can also be valid.
只要你们明白,只要停止思考有效论点有,真前提和真结论，你们就明白了。
And as soon as you understand that and as soon as you stop thinking of a valid argument having true premises and true conclusion you will see what's going on here.
举手，好，前提为假，结论为真，这仍然有效吗？，很好。
Hand up. Alright the premises are false the conclusion is true could it still be valid? Yep good well done.
论点前提为真,结论为真，想想问题：,你们认为这种论点有效吗？
The premises of the argument are true and the conclusion is true. Okay think of the question: do you think arguments of this sort could be valid?
大多数研究得到了类似的简单结论：利用社交媒体最有效的时间是中午和入夜时分。
Most of that research reaches the simple consensus that the two most effective times to use social media for marketing purposes are noon and early evening.
如果前提可能为真，同时结论为假，论点有效。
If the premises could be true together with the conclusion being false then the argument is invalid.
沟通能力整理和理解现有的证据没有任何用处，除非你能有效的把你的结论传达给别人。
Communication skills. Marshalling and understanding the available evidence isn't useful unless you can effectively communicate your conclusions.
如果论点有效，结论为假，那么我们知道至少有一个前提肯定为假。
So if an argument is valid and the conclusion is false then we know that at least one of the premises must be false.
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