必须先删除子设备，然后才能删除底层设备。
The underlying devices cannot be removed until the child devices are deleted first.
例如，对底层设备驱动程序的读写请求会通过缓冲区缓存来传递。
For example, read and write requests to the underlying device drivers migrate through the buffer cache.
接下来是块设备驱动器层，它包括针对底层设备的各种块驱动器。
Next is the block device drivers layer, which contains the various block drivers for underlying devices.
上位机同时挂接现场总线或光纤网络，搜索底层设备数据。
The host, upper PC connected with field bus or fiber network simultaneously, is responsible for searching the date of bottom devices.
第二个命令表明，不能使用标准的fuser选项直接查询底层设备。
The second command shows that you cannot directly query the underlying device by using the standard fuser options.
企业实施CIMS系统中，管理计算机与底层设备的通讯是一个很重要的环节。
In CIMS system of industrial enterprises, the communication of management computer and the plant floor equipments is an important sector.
企业实施CIMS系统中，管理计算机与底层设备的通讯是一个很重要的环节。
In CIMS system of industry process, the communication between management computer and the basic equipment is an important sector.
其中重点研究了MIS系统与底层设备基础自动化级、过程级的网络结构设计与实现。
It focuses on the design and application of network structure of MIS with plant floor equipments in their level of automatic control and computer processing.
流只不过是一个可以使用库功能读取或写入的字节序列，库功能向应用程序隐藏了底层设备的细节。
A stream is nothing more than a sequence of bytes that can be read or written using library functions that hide the details of an underlying device from the application.
现场应用结果表明该系统的设计方案是实现CIMS与底层设备通讯的可靠、经济、可行的方法。
The real application shows that the design on this system is a reliable, economical and workable method for communication Of CIMS and It's plant floor equipments.
将CAN现场总线技术应用到控制现场底层设备与主控IPC的通讯，实现测控信息处理的现场化。
The CAN Field Bus causes the information to be processed in control field and realize the communication between the control field equipment and the host IPC.
PLC完成底层设备数据采集、控制、通讯和传感器反馈参数综合分析，并在数据链路层进行数据交换。
PLC make data acquisition and control of bottom devices, analyzing the feedback parameters of communication and sensor, and the date exchange is carried on in the data chain layer.
若这些存储介质与SCSI相关，scsi子系统会将公共Linux块请求转化为针对特定底层设备的SCSI请求。
When those storage mediums are SCSI related, the SCSI subsystem translates the common Linux block requests into SCSI requests for the particular underlying device.
数控系统作为数控装备的核心和网络化制造系统中的最基础和最底层设备，已经成为网络化制造中的重要一环。
Being the kernel and the most basic and bottom equipment, Numerical Control System has become important tache of Network Manufacturing.
最后，本文重点放在工业以太网的现场设备层，对底层设备的控制、对现场数据的采集、对数据的网络通信都分别进行了详细的讨论与研究。
Finally, we focus our mind on the field devices layer of the industrial control system, study the device control data collection and the data traffic in detail.
控制阶段，根据排序的结果为各工件分配加工资源，并根据调度的时间发送控制命令，控制命令通过各层的传送最后完成对底层设备的控制。
The operational process is that: simulating when receiving process plan from up-floor, manufacturing sequencing, allocating resource for works, sending control command, and controlling equipments.
正如前面所讨论的，ZFS合并了卷管理功能来提取底层物理存储设备到文件系统。
As discussed earlier, ZFS incorporates a volume-management function to abstract underlying physical storage devices to the file system.
这一层提供了一组通用函数供底层网络设备驱动程序使用，让它们可以对高层协议栈进行操作。
This layer provides a common set of functions to be used by lower-level network device drivers to allow them to operate with the higher-level protocol stack.
如果需要在现有的IVE连接中添加新的VLAN，必须先删除并重新创建底层SEA设备，这可能会阻碍使用此连接的VIO客户机LPAR运行。
If you need to add a new VLAN to an existing IVE connection, you must first logically destroy and re-create the underlying SEA device, possibly impeding any VIO client LPARs using that connection.
X服务器是乐意为底层的应用程序提供显示能力的设备。
An X server is a device that is willing to "serve" a display capability to an underlying application.
除了从底层文件系统抽象文件操作的细节之外，VFS还将底层块设备绑定到可用的文件系统。
In addition to abstracting the details of file operations from the underlying file systems, VFS ties the underlying block devices to the available file systems.
隔离设备实际上就是安装在建筑物开挖时最底层的巨大的橡胶钢铁垫，建筑物就坐在这些垫子上面。
The isolation devices are essentially giant rubber-and-steel pads that are installed at the very bottom of the excavation for a building, which then simply sits on top of the pads.
底层网络包的数据或消息区域封装了一个请求命令，它请求设备中包含设备信号数据的寄存器的内容。
A request command is enclosed in the data or message section of the underlying network packet. It requests the contents of registers in the device containing signal data of a device.
另外，您将在libvirt(以及virsh)中发现设备透传的配置支持，这为底层管理程序使用的配置模式提供一个抽象。
Additionally, you'll find configuration support for device passthrough in libvirt (along with virsh), which provides an abstraction to the configuration schemes used by the underlying hypervisors.
诸如Ext2fs和JFFS2等大多数其它文件系统都驻留在底层块设备之上，而tmpfs与它们不同，它直接位于VM上。
Unlike most other filesystems like Ext2fs and JFFS2, which reside on top of the underlying block device, TMPFS sits directly on top of the VM. Thus mounting the TMPFS filesystem is a simple affair.
在第一次设置系统时，对于磁盘的配置，可以从最底层(物理层)开始，然后是设备层、逻辑卷、文件系统、文件和应用程序。
When first setting up your systems, start from the bottom (the physical layer) as you configure your disk, the device layer, its logical volumes, file systems, and the files and application.
最底层是屏幕和输入设备驱动程序(关于键盘或鼠标)来与实际硬件交互。
At the lowest level are the screen and input device drivers (as for the keyboard or mouse) to interact with the actual hardware.
文件的结构和大小取决于底层文件系统 —即把文件数据存储到物理设备上的子系统。
The structure and size of a file depends on the underlying file system—the subsystem that persists the file data to a physical device.
媒介首选项可以针对索引或键控文件指定，请求将底层索引对象分配到SSD存储设备。
Media preference can be specified for an index or keyed file to request that the underlying index object be allocated on SSD storage.
这对于某些底层任务来说是无价的，例如对代码进行分析，或者在设备驱动程序或其他严格时间要求的代码中进行精确的延时。
This can be invaluable for lower-level tasks such as code profiling or precise delays in device drivers and other time-critical code.
应用推荐