在其他尼安德特人的骨骼上也曾进行过类似的观察，比如费拉西一世和尼安德特人本身。
Similar observations have been made on other Neanderthal skeletons such as La Ferrassie I and Neanderthal itself.
当你想要研究古人类和尼安德特人的遗骸，一个大问题是当代人类的DNA 受到的污染。
When you want to study ancient human and Neanderthal remains, there's a big issue of contamination with contemporary human DNA.
尼安德特人的脑容量和智人相差不多。
The cranial capacity of Neandertals was about as large as ours.
有时候我想真的想做尼安德特人的辩护律师。
I feel like the defense attorney for the Neanderthals sometimes.
有可能是某些尼安德特人的基因让现代人类适应了新气候和新栖息地。
It is possible that some Neanderthal versions of genes enabled modern humans to adapt to new climates and habitats.
此后的某个时刻，尼安德特人的祖先扩散到欧洲、中东和中亚地区。
At some point afterward, the ancestors of Neanderthals spread to Europe, the Middle East and Central Asia.
与尼安德特人的遗骸同时被发现的还有覆盖在他们身上的厚厚的岩石。
The Neanderthals were found covered together with rocks burying their remains.
小组估计，丹尼索万人于大约35万年前从尼安德特人的祖辈中分离出来。
The team estimates Denisovans split from the parent group of Neanderthals about 350, 000 years ago.
想像一下，比如让合成生物学利用今年早些时候描述出的尼安德特人的基因组。
Imagine, say, allying synthetic biology with the genome of Neanderthal man that was described earlier this year.
这是一颗臼齿，比任何现代人的牙齿都要大，甚至比最大的尼安德特人的牙齿还大。
The tooth, a molar, is bigger than any modern human tooth and is even bigger than the biggest Neanderthal tooth.
该研究小组谨慎的未将丹尼索万人称为新的人类物种，而是将他们定为尼安德特人的“姊妹族”。
The team has been careful not to call Denisovans a new species, opting instead to label them as a Neanderthal "sister group."
科学家推测，对于那些样品的最好解释是现代人类祖先经过三次机会获得了尼安德特人的DNA。
The best explanation for these patterns, the scientists concluded, was that the ancestors of modern humans acquired Neanderthal DNA on three occasions.
埃里克·特林考斯说，已经有几十份尼安德特人的墓葬被记录在案。这些墓葬都遍及西欧、东欧甚至西南亚。
He said a few dozen documented Neanderthal burials from Western Europe, Eastern Europe and Southwest Asia have already been documented.
近期的研究表明，尼安德特人的基因甚至影响到当今人类的健康，与包括过敏和抑郁在内的多个病状有关。
Recent studies suggest that Neanderthal genes even influence human health today, contributing to conditions from allergies to depression.
paabo博士说两年内他将得到尼安德特人的全基因组草图，同时他还设计了一种方法使得焦磷酸测序加快十倍。
Dr Paabo says he will have a rough draft of the entire Neanderthal genome within two years, and that he has devised a way to make pyrosequencing ten times faster.
他们是火、热、石具上的大师，这些来自热带的人穿过属于尼安德特人的寒冷的大陆时，这是他们关键的优势所在。
"They were masters of fire and heat and stone, a crucial advantage as these tropical people penetrated the cold lands of the Neanderthal."
他们是火、热、石具上的大师，这些来自热带的人穿过属于尼安德特人的寒冷的大陆时，这是他们关键的优势所在。
'They were masters of fire and heat and stone, a crucial advantage as these tropical people penetrated the cold lands of the Neanderthal.'
因此在新的研究中，为避免再出现这种错误，他们将每一条尼安德特人的DNA都标记出来，以区别于所有外来的遗传物质。
To avoid such errors in the new study, they tagged each Neanderthal DNA strand with a unique molecular bar-code, to distinguish it biochemically from any extraneous genetic material.
早先有分析指出，尼安德特人的DNA在实验室操作时完全被现代人基因所污染了，这一点令帕博博士及其同事都倍感尴尬。
Indeed, Dr. Pääbo and his colleagues were publicly embarrassed when an earlier analysis of Neanderthal DNA turned out to be thoroughly contaminated by modern human genes from lab workers.
科学家们从这三块出土于克罗地亚Vindija洞穴的尼安德特人的骨头中，提取出极少量的粉末，用作DNA分析研究。
For their DNA study, researchers used thimblefuls of powdered bone extracted from these three Neanderthal bones found in the Vindija cave.
在第一次全面比较了人类和尼安德特人的基因组以后，科学家们发现，人类有4%的DNA来自于这些遭到恣意诽谤的远亲们。
Scientists revealed that up to 4% of our DNA is Neanderthal after the first comparison of the complete genomes of humans and our much maligned Cousins.
在该领域的研究中，科学家于2008年重建了披毛猛犸象的遗传密码，并在今年早些时候重建了早期智人尼安德特人的遗传密码。
Research in the field saw scientists reconstruct the genetic code of the woolly mammoth in 2008, and our Neanderthal Cousins earlier this year.
为了破解这一谜题，研究人员对包括一名新生儿在内的11名尼安德特人的大脑进行了CT扫描，并将影像图与现代人类的进行了对比。
To probe this cognitive conundrum, researchers took CT scans of 11 Neandertal brains, including one newborn. And they compared these images to those of modern humans.
在我们的封面故事“尼安德特人的黎明”中，工作人员即作家KateWong讲到了可能造成该物种最终崩溃的微妙和复杂的因素。
In our cover story, "Twilight of the Neandertals," staff writer Kate Wong relates the subtle and complex factors that may have caused the species' ultimate collapse.
美拉尼西亚人带来了一个不同的进程。阿奇博士发现，同尼安德特人的单一混种后，同样，他们的祖先也仅一次与丹尼·索瓦人进行混种。
The Melanesians took a different course. After a single interbreeding with Neanderthals, Dr. Akey found, their ancestors went on to interbreed just once with Denisovans, as well.
美拉尼西亚人带来了一个不同的进程。阿奇博士发现，同尼安德特人的单一混种后，同样，他们的祖先也仅一次与丹尼·索瓦人进行混种。
The Melanesians took a different course. After a single interbreeding with Neanderthals, Dr. Akey found, their ancestors went on to interbreed just once with Denisovans, as well.
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