马丁揭示，在哪些可以追溯到祖先的线粒体基因上，有75%或更多的成分来自当时外来的细菌而非宿主细胞。
Martin has shown that, of the eukaryotic genes whose ancestry can be traced, 75 per cent or more came from bacteria rather than the host cell.
我们正在研究一种很少人知晓的共生互动关系，在这种关系中，细菌保护其宿主免受病原体侵害，而不是那种更为常见的为其提供营养方面。
We are studying one of the few known symbiotic interactions in which the bacterial partner defends its host against pathogens — rather than providing a nutritional benefit, which is more common.
巴恩·索特的最新发现显示了微生物们惊人的“语言”天赋：细菌们不但彼此谈话交流，同时还偷偷地监听他们人类宿主发出的信号。
But it's Bjarnsholt's latest discovery that reveals microbes' gift for language: the bacteria aren't just talking amongst themselves, but also quietly listening in on signals sent by their human host.
细菌却相反，它们潜伏在周围环境中(像是破伤风杆菌)，并且宿主众多(比如说黑死病)。
Bacteria, in contrast, often just lurk in the environment (like tetanus), and may thrive on many hosts (as does bubonic plague, for example).
这种细菌也能够分泌抑制真菌生长的化学物质，同时，它还能产生促进宿主植物生长的激素。
The bacterium can also secrete chemicals that inhibit fungal growth, as well as hormones that stimulate the growth of its host plants.
细菌却相反，它们潜伏在周围环境中，并且宿主众多。
Bacteria, in contrast, often just lurk in the environment, and may thrive on many hosts.
疏水性是细菌粘附到宿主表面能力的一个重要组织部分。
Hydrophobicity is one of adherent forces by which bacteria adhere to host surface.
人是各种致疾的细菌、原生动物以及病毒的宿主。
Man is host to a variety of pathogenic bacteria, protozoa, and viruses.
最后，细胞宿主被破坏(溶化)，向周围环境释放出病毒粒子去侵染新的细菌细胞。
Finally, the bacterial host is destroyed (lysed), releasing virus particles into the environment to infect new bacterial cells.
越来越多的观点认为，细菌和病毒介导的翻译后修饰是调节宿主因素，建立感染的主要策略。
Posttranslational modifications are increasingly recognized as key strategies used by bacterial and viral pathogens to modulate host factors critical for infection.
毒力是指细菌致病性(损害或严重)的程度及其快速侵入宿主组织的能力。
Virulence is the degree of pathogenicity (harmfulness or severity) of the bacteria and its ability to rapidly invade the tissues of the host.
益生菌是活的细菌聚集于肠胃道且对其宿主是有益处的。
Probiotics are live bacteria that colonize the gastrointestinal tract and provide a health benefit to the host.
细菌在四倍体细胞中快速繁殖，并逐渐被宿主植物合成的膜所包围。
The bacteria multiply rapidly within the tetraploid cells and become surrounded by a membrane synthesized by the host plant.
植物内生细菌对宿主植物具有许多有益生物学作用，揭示了其在农业领域中的巨大应用潜力。
Endophytic bacteria have enormous application potentiality in the field of agriculture for their many beneficial biological effects.
每当一种病毒或者细菌杀死了它的宿主，它就减少了自己繁殖的机会。
This form of adaptation is a tactic that other harmful organisms use to ensure their survival: every time a virus or bacterium kills its host, it reduces its chance of replicating.
共生的固氮菌侵袭宿主植物的根毛，并在此繁殖和促进根瘤的形成、植物细胞和亲密共生细菌的扩大。
Symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria invade the root hairs of host plants, where they multiply and stimulate the formation of root nodules, enlargements of plant cells and bacteria in close association.
志贺菌在与宿主肠道上皮细胞接触后，激活t3ss并将效应子蛋白注入真核宿主细胞内，引起细菌性痢疾。
Once Shigella makes contact with intestine epithelium, the T3SS is activated and effector proteins are injected into the cytosol of intestine epithelium to cause shigellosis.
昆虫的消化道内共生有各种细菌，它们赋予宿主昆虫各种各样的生物学功能。
Multiple symbionts were lived in alimentary tract of insect, which endow their insect host multiple biological functions.
摘要 ：细菌与噬菌体间是一种寄生关系，一方面细菌抵抗噬菌体感染，另一方面噬菌体也产生抗宿主菌防御的改变。
Abstract :Parasitic relationship exists between bacteria and phages, on one hand, bacteria resist the infection from phages, on another hand, phages develop the abilities against host bacteria.
志贺菌属的细菌以人类为特异性宿主，感染人类肠上皮细胞，多导致痉挛性腹痛、腹泻、发烧等症状，是细菌性痢疾最为常见的病原菌。
Shigella spp. is human host-specific pathogens that infects intestinal epithelial cells. It is the causative agent of dysentery which is followed by cramps, diarrhea and fever.
在进入昆虫宿主后，线虫从肠道释放发光杆菌，然后细菌引起昆虫的致命败血病。
Upon entering an insect host, the nematode releases Photorhabdus from its intestinal tract and the bacterium establishes a lethal septicemia in the insect.
对嗜肺军团菌分泌系统及效应蛋白的研究不仅能够帮助阐明病原细菌的致病机理，还有助于推动对宿主免疫机制的更深层次的研究。
Researching on T4BSS and effectors could not only help investigate the pathogenesis of intracellular bacterial pathogens, but also promote the comprehension about innate immune responses of hosts.
对嗜肺军团菌分泌系统及效应蛋白的研究不仅能够帮助阐明病原细菌的致病机理，还有助于推动对宿主免疫机制的更深层次的研究。
Researching on T4BSS and effectors could not only help investigate the pathogenesis of intracellular bacterial pathogens, but also promote the comprehension about innate immune responses of hosts.
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