但很多人也对基因合成的增殖有所担心。
But there are those that worry about the proliferation of gene synthesis.
现代的基因合成技术让这一点不难实现。
Modern gene-synthesis techniques mean this is not hard to do.
这些秸秆都来自新基因合成的品种，不仅粗壮结实，还防腐。
These stalks, mostly from new genetically engineered varieties, are thick and stout and resistant to rotting.
在正常细胞中，甲基作为DNA标记的一个“红灯”，阻止某些基因合成蛋白质。
In healthy cells a compound called a methyl group is tagged to DNA where it ACTS as a "red light", preventing certain genes from producing proteins.
去年出现了一种实时的基于光学的观察法，可以通过直接观察基因合成来展示基因组信息。
A newer method which has emerged in the past year USES real-time, light-based observations of gene synthesis to reveal genomic information.
基因合成仪：Codexis公司的研究人员通过高通量液体工作站获得基因变异体——这是修饰酶的步骤之一。
Gene machine: a Codexis researcher operates a high-volume liquid-handling system used to make gene variants — part of a process for engineering new enzymes.
当编码蛋白质的基因被激活时，蛋白质合成就开始了。
Protein synthesis begins when the gene encoding a protein is activated.
由于害虫有巨大的繁殖潜力和基因多样性，许多害虫被认为能够抵抗合成化学物质，而且生育的后代对杀虫剂具有内在的抵抗力。
Because of their tremendous breeding potential and genetic diversity, many pests are known to withstand synthetic chemicals and bear offspring with a built-in resistance to pesticides.
当糖皮质激素和海马体中的受体结合时，激活了那些阻止这种激素合成的基因。
When glucocorticoid binds to its receptor in the hippocampus, that activates the expression of genes which dampen further synthesis of the hormone.
虽然如此，它确实具有能合成自己核糖体的基因，随着时间推移它也确实会这样做，稀释掉帮助它启动的那些遗留物质。
It has the genes with which to make its own ribosomes, though, and as time goes by it will do so, diluting out the legacy that got it started.
当他们把从头合成的基因注射到细胞，细胞便产生新的病毒。
When they synthesized the genes from scratch and injected the genetic material into cells, the cells produced new viruses.
确认了正确的组合之后，研究人员设计了一种合成基因。它对一种能够促成细胞凋亡(一种受控的细胞死亡)的蛋白质进行编码。
Once they had the right combination, the researchers designed a synthetic gene which codes for a protein that promotes apoptosis, or programmed cell death.
为了检测这项新技术。杜克大学的研究人员把位于两个不同层级的蛋白质聚合体的基因进行合成。
To test this improved technique, the Duke University researchers synthesized genes located in two different classes of protein-polymers.
给皮肤上色看起来很简单，但大自然却至少需要25种不同的基因来合成、包装及输送黑色素到人体各处以使皮肤和头发呈现不同颜色。
Coloring the skin may sound simple, but nature requires at least 25 different genes to synthesize, package and distribute the melanin pigment that darkens the skin and hair.
因为合成基因序列的设计是建立在DNA序列数字化的基础上，所以该设计也创建了电脑技术和生命科学的交互区域。
Because it is based on the digitized DNA sequence, the design of synthetic genomes provides a true interface between the computer and biological life.
这种分子携带着基因上的指令，告诉细胞合成那类蛋白质。
This molecule carries instructions from the genes telling a cell which proteins to make.
但是科学家们考虑用崭新的基因方法生产合成蛋白质，用以替代消失的自然物种。
But scientists think synthetic proteins produced by the new genes replaced the missing natural versions.
这种基因对合成生物学有几大优势。
Such a genome would have several advantages for synthetic biologists.
这支研究小组将酵母细胞作为改造对象，利用细胞采取的由基因控制的天然通讯方式设计出合成电路。
Using yeast cells, the team there devised synthetic circuits via a gene-regulated communication method employed naturally by the cells.
DNA告诉身体怎样合成蛋白质，而指令就包含在组成DNA的基因中。
DNA told the body how to build proteins. The instructions came in chapters called genes.
例如，克雷格·文特尔(Craig Venter)的合成基因学说，以及其他一些公司正在试图开发把碳、页岩焦油和原油变为甲烷的微生物。
For instance, Craig Venter's Synthetic Genomics and other companies are trying to develop microbes that turn coal, tar shale and oil into methane.
随后，这组科学家合成了这个区域的基因所产生的氨基酸序列——或者蛋白质，并在人类和猴子的免疫细胞中测试它们的效果。
They then synthesised the series of amino acids - or proteins - that the region of the genes produce, and tested their effects on human and monkey immune cells.
为了创造一个他所认为的人造生命，他剥离出一个细菌，然后给它注入一组合成基因。
He is stripping out a bacterium, and then refilling it with a synthesised genome to create what he considers to be artificial life.
这些基因组合成之后，第一步就是移植到另一个没有基因组的细胞里。
After these genomes are synthesized, the first step is just transplanting them into a cell without a genome.
这些基因组是合成生物的原材料、首先，这些基因组能让人们从微观原子的角度了解生物体的构成。
These genomes are the raw material for synthetic biology. First, they will provide an understanding of how biology works right down to the atomic level.
第二，基因数据库是一个仓库，在仓库里可以取到所有合成生物学家想要的基因。
Second, the genome databases are a warehouse that can be raided for whatever part a synthetic biologist requires.
溃疡分枝杆菌基因组测序已导致鉴定生成细菌内酯的基因，揭示细菌内酯是如何合成的。
Sequencing the M. ulcerans genome has led to the identification of the genes that produce mycolactone, revealing how mycolactone is synthesized.
文特尔的研究小组使用了合成基因组激活了世界上第一个人造细菌细胞。
Venter’s team uses a synthetic genome to boot up the world’s first man-made bacterial cell.
在这个背景下，给予细菌的合成基因授予专利是合理的。
In this context patenting an artificial genome for a bacterium seems reasonable.
在这个背景下，给予细菌的合成基因授予专利是合理的。
In this context patenting an artificial genome for a bacterium seems reasonable.
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