这种情况下，我们特别想知道存在于地壳下层的地幔，是否会因为撞击而暴露出来。
In this case, we especially want to know if any of the mantle, the layer beneath the crust, was exposed by the impact.
地幔包含的远远不仅是地壳，还有关于行星或卫星的总体构成的信息。
Much more than the crust, the mantle contains information about a planet's or moon's total composition.
正如我们讨论过的，地壳由位于熔融岩石的地幔上的大型板块构成。
As we've discussed, Earth's crust is made up of large plates that rest on a mantle of molten rock.
地壳的形成保护了地球的内层不受太空中高能粒子的影响，降低了地幔和地核的温度。
The formation of Earth's crust protected the inner layers of Earth from the high-energy particles in space, reducing the temperatures of the mantle and the core.
虽然地幔的热岩石是固体，但在地壳和地幔上覆岩石的巨大压力下，它像粘性液体一样流动。
Although the hot rock of the mantle is a solid, under the tremendous pressure of the crust and overlying rock of the mantle, it flows like a viscous liquid.
板块运动是地幔运动的表面现象。地幔是位于地壳和金属内核之间的一层厚厚的岩石壳。
Plate movements are the surface expressions of motions in the mantle—the thick shell of rock that lies between Earth's crust and its metallic core.
所有板块都在缓慢移动，因为它们漂浮在密度更大的半液态地幔上，也就是地壳和地核之间的那一层。
All are slowly moving because the plates float on a denser semi-liquid mantle, the layer between the crust and Earth's core.
所有板块都在缓慢移动，因为它们漂浮在密度更大的半流体地幔上，也就是地壳和地核之间的那一层。
All are slowly moving because the plates float on a denser sem-iliquid mantle, the layer between the crust and Earth's core.
如同地球一样，月球上有地层，表面是一层地壳，其下是很深的地幔。
Like the earth, the moon is in layers, with a crust on the outside and a deep mantle below.
这一速度太快了而同样无法用真极移现象解释，真极移理论认为地球的整个地壳和地幔都在不断调整，将一个完全不同的地理区域移到了北极。
That speed is also too fast to be explained by a phenomenon called true polar wander, in which the Earth's entire crust and mantle reorient, moving a different geographic region to the North Pole.
2011年，科学家们将登上日本一艘名为“地球号”的深海钻井船，他们希望通过钻开一块薄的大洋地壳到达地幔。
By 2011 scientists aboard a Japanese deep-sea drilling ship called Chikyu hope to start drilling through a thin piece of oceanic crust to reach Earth's mantle.
这些连同有关地球总体构成的合理猜想，一起形成了我们熟悉的地球模型——铁质地核，岩石地幔和较薄的地壳。
These, together with reasonable guesses about the Earth's overall composition, have been used to put together the familiar model of an iron core, a rocky mantle and a thin crust.
经过对于这些样品的研究和分析，科学家们推测在月球地幔层中的水资源是之前预估的将近100倍，这些水就存在厚岩石与地壳层之间。
Analysis of the samples suggests there could be 100 times more water in the lunar mantle, the thick rock layer beneath the surface crust, than was previously thought.
地幔，这种物质可以在板块边界处下沉，然后向上回流到较远的地方，再与地壳相碰撞——这个过程被称为小规模的对流。
Mantle material can sink at a plate boundary, and then flow back upward farther away, pushing on the crust - a process called small scale convection.
科学家们断定，这些流星的冲击也可能触发了刚好低于地球地壳的地幔上层里的热岩，这就是至今我们所能看到的。
The scientists posit that these meteor strikes may also have triggered the flow of hot rock in the upper layer of the mantle right below the Earth's crust that is seen up to the present day.
但是在此之前，地球物理学者们认为，这种俯冲带大地震仅仅在年轻的海洋地壳挤入地幔处才可能发生。
But geophysicists had thought that great subduction-zone earthquakes happened only where younger oceanic crust scrapes its way into the mantle.
45亿年前，地球大约只有现在百分之六十，尽管它确有能够区分的地核，地壳和地幔。
Four and a half billion years ago the Earth was about sixty percent formed, though it did have a differentiated core, crust and mantle.
对地球引力的研究表明，在不寻常的负荷之下地壳和地幔会发生位移。
Studies of thegravity field of the Earth indicate that its crust and mantle yieldwhen unusual weight is placed on them。
在地幔之上有两种地壳。
火山岩透过地幔中部份熔融的软流层渗入到地壳，岩浆喷发，海山由此形成。
Seamounts form from magmatic eruptions, which occur when lava seeps up to the crust through the partially-melted sub-layer, known as the asthenosphere, in the mantle.
因为其地幔的未知混合物，火星形成历史上还有诸多不确定因素。地幔是一个位于地壳下面的岩石层。道法斯说道。
There have been large uncertainties in the formation history of Mars because of the unknown composition of its mantle, the rock layer that underlies the crust. Dauphas said.
最深的地震通常发生在板块边界的地方的地壳正在俯冲到地球的地幔。
The deepest earthquakes typically occur at plate boundaries where the earth's crust is being subducted into the earth's mantle.
在地球的地幔和地核之间、或者地壳中更为我们熟知的大气和海洋之间有多少碳交换也是不确定的。
Also uncertain is how much interchange there is between the carbon in the Earth's mantle and core, and the more familiar stuff in the crust, atmosphere and oceans.
本文讨论了金属矿产资源与地壳、地幔结构及深部物质运移的动力学响应。
Dynamic response of metallic mineral resources and crust, mantle structure and deep substance migration is discussed in this paper.
区域地震波携带着大量的信息，可以很好地反映地壳和上地幔结构的变化。
Regional seismic wave carries lots of information about structural variations in the crust and the upper mantle.
区域地震波携带着大量的信息，可以很好地反映地壳和上地幔结构的变化。
Regional seismic wave carries lots of information about structural variations in the crust and the upper mantle.
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