这些发现说明，相对于胚胎干细胞的后代，从诱导多能干细胞分化来的某些细胞中异常的基因表达会在同基因的受体身上引起T细胞依赖的免疫反应。
These findings indicate that, in contrast to derivatives of ESCs, abnormal gene expression in some cells differentiated from iPSCs can induce T-cell-dependent immune response in syngeneic recipients.
许多科学家曾经认为，同卵双胞胎在外貌上的相似是由基因决定的，而他们之间的性格、智力和其他差异则是受到环境的影响。
Many scientists once believed that physical similarities between identical twins are genetic, while their personalities, intelligence and other differences between them are an effect of their environment.
假设我们DNA中的“垃圾”实际上同基因一样重要，又会如何？
What if the "junk" in our DNA is actually as important as our genes?
同卵双胞胎具有相同的基因组成，而异卵双胞胎只是像其他任何两个兄弟姐妹一样基因相似。
Identical twins share identical genetic makeup, while fraternal twins are only as genetically similar as any two siblings.
首先，很多父母都没有把孩子们的基因联系搞清楚，认为异卵双胞胎是同卵双胞胎——或者刚好相反。
First, we know that many parents make bad guesses about their children's genetic connection-thinking that fraternal twins are actually identical ones, or vice versa.
但重要的是，在异卵双胞胎中，两个孩子同都患自闭症的概率也不低，如果基因因素是主要因素，那么这种情况就与我们期望的结果是相反的。
But importantly, the chance of both twins being affected by autism was not low among fraternal twins, which is counter to what would be expected if genetics were the dominant factor.
同杜克案件一样，他们使用复杂的分析来检测基因或细胞蛋白的结构。
Like the Duke case, they used complex analyses to detect patterns of genes or cell proteins.
同卵双胞胎的基因完全相同，而异卵双胞胎只有大约一半的基因相同。
Identical twins share all of their genes and fraternal twins share only about half.
如果同卵双胞胎给出相同答案的比率高于异卵双胞胎的，那么很大可能是基因造成了这一结果。
If the identical twins came up with the same answers more often than the fraternal twins did, then it's more likely that genes were the reason.
得出这一结论的原因如下：有的病例中，同卵双胞胎之一得了自闭症而另一个却没有，他们有相同的基因，因此环境因素应该对自闭症起了作用。
One reason they think so: there are cases in which one identical twin is autistic and the other is not; the two have identical genes, so environmental factors must contribute.
他们请来癌症研究学院的团队。这个团队近几年来针对同卵双生胎癌症基因做了大量研究工作。
They called in the team at the Institute of cancer Research, which has done a lot of work in recent years on the genetics of cancers of identical twins.
然后对我们家族的情感分析，就是同我们有基因关系的人，然后下节课，同家族无关的情感。
I want to then deal with feelings towards our kin, people we're genetically related to, and then — and this will take us to the next class, feelings towards non kin.
同卵双胞胎的基因完全一样；异卵双胞胎的基因只有一半完全一样；异卵双胞胎的基因恐怕并不比普通兄弟姐妹之间的基因更加相似。
Identical twins are genetic duplicates, while fraternal twins share only about half their genes and are no more genetically alike than ordinary siblings are.
由位于加利福尼亚州霍华德·休斯医学研究所大卫·豪斯勒所领导的研究小组将人类的基因组同包括灵长类动物在内的一些哺乳动物的基因组进行对比，并将研究的结果发表在《自然》杂志上。
A team led by David Haussler of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute in California, compared the human genome with that of mammals including other primates. They reported the results in Nature.
CroV的基因中，约有三分之一同Mimivirus基因类似，说明它们之间都拥有共同的祖先。
About a third of CroV's genes are similar to Mimivirus genes, suggesting they share a distant ancestor.
当他把实验结果同其他的物种所得到的结果进行对比时，发现有2对弓形虫基因编码酶卷进一个分子(多巴胺)的生成。
When he compared the results with those of other species, he discovered that two of the bug's genes encode enzymes involved in the production of a molecule called dopamine.
基因相同的同卵双胞胎52%。
我们有除了同卵双胞胎之外可能的最紧密的基因联系。
We share the closest genetic relationship possible without being identical twins.
在这项研究中，他们和加利福尼亚大学圣地亚哥分校的克里斯托弗•道维斯使用了一项全国性数据，这项数据对1000多对同卵及异卵双胞胎的基因进行了对比。
For this study, they and Christopher Dawes of UCSD used national data that compared more than 1, 000 identical and fraternal twins.
在这项研究中，他们和加利福尼亚大学圣地亚哥分校的克里斯托弗•道维斯使用了一项全国性数据，这项数据对1000多对同卵及异卵双胞胎的基因进行了对比。
For this study, they and Christopher Dawes of UCSD used national data that compared more than 1,000 identical and fraternal twins.
女性通过将自己的基因同男性的相融合，把她自己一半的基因遗传给了下一代，随后后代再次见证基因一分为二。
By combining her genes with a male's, a female halves her genetic contribution to her offspring, and subsequent generations see it halved again and again.
关于同卵和异卵双胞胎的研究成为了行为在很多方面受遗传影响的有力证据，对DNA的检测揭示了一些基因的作用。
Studies comparing identical with non-identical twins have helped to establish the heritability of many aspects of behaviour, and examination of DNA has uncovered some of the genes responsible.
除了同卵双胞胎以外，每个人的基因密码都是独有的。
Each person's genetic code is unique except in the case of identical twins.
由于同卵双生的双胞胎基因完全相同，而异卵双胞胎不完全相同，所以研究人员可以分辨出决定某些性格特征及使人容易快乐的共同基因。
Because identical twins share the same genes and fraternal twins do not, the researchers could identify common genes that result in certain personality traits and predispose people to happiness.
在不同时期对恐惧造成影响的不同基因现在还是未知的，这是由于这种恐惧决定基因改变的证据完全依赖于在不同时期同卵双胞胎恐惧联系的强度。
The genes that contribute to fearfulness at different ages remain unknown, as evidence for the shift lies entirely in the strength of the links between fear levels in identical twins across time.
在不同时期对恐惧造成影响的不同基因现在还是未知的，这是由于这种恐惧决定基因改变的证据完全依赖于在不同时期同卵双胞胎恐惧联系的强度。
The genes that contribute to fearfulness at different ages remain unknown, as evidence for the shift lies entirely in the strength of the links between fear levels in identical twins across time.
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