反拨效应是指测试对教学所产生的影响。
Washback refers to the influence of tests on teaching and learning.
反拨效应是教育领域中一个重要的研究课题。
同时，测试的异化也不得不让我们扩大测试反拨效应的内涵。
Meanwhile, the paper leads the researchers to the enlarged connotation of the negative backwash of language testing.
雅思考试对中外合作办学项目的英语教学产生巨大的反拨效应。
IELTS test exerts inevitable backwash effect on English teaching in international joint programs.
反拨效应是指测试对教与学的影响，其影响可能是积极的，也有可能是消极的。
Washback, which can be positive or negative, generally refers to the influence of testing on teaching and learning.
这些研究加深了人们对测试反拨效应的认识，在一定程度上促进了测试和教学改革。
These studies have deepened people's understanding of this phenomenon and promoted the reform and innovation in language testing and teaching.
鉴于四级考试的广泛社会效应与巨大影响力，本文同时也研究这些测试题型的反拨效应。
The paper also explores the reasons for the test method and backwash effect by conducting the questionnaire survey.
解释了成就测试的概念； 从理论上研究了成就测试与教学之间的关系及成就测试对教学的反拨效应；
She states the definition of achievement tests and examines the interrelationship between achievement testing and teaching and learning and the backwash effect on English teaching and learning;
沈阳体育学院现行体育英语专业高年级精读课考试没有最大限度提高正面反拨效应，且不利于学生能力培养。
Whether achievement testing has positive or negative backwash effect on foreign language teaching and learning has always been a topic for discussion and study in the testing field.
这些研究成果不仅丰富了测试理论，加深了人们对测试反拨效应的认识，在一定程度上促进了测试和教学改革。
These studies results have enriched the test theory, deepened people's understanding of this phenomenon and to some degree promoted the reform and innovation in language testing and teaching.
结论认为，外语教学网络多媒体课件开发的基本发展趋势是技术与教育思想充分融合，并对教育实践产生反拨效应。
With the development and popularization of Internet technology, network-based multimedia courseware has been applied widely in the teaching activity.
本文还分析了导致这种由负向反拨效应引起异化趋势的深层原因，并且就如何最大程度避免这种异化趋势提出了一些建议。
This paper also analyses the deep reasons why the testing dissimilative tendency occurs and makes some Suggestions of avoiding the dissimilative tendency to the greatest degree.
课堂测试是日常教学中经常使用的一种辅助手段。但是，由于一些大型化测试所带来的负面反拨效应，很多人对测试持一种反对态度，课堂测试的作用没有得到充分的重视。
Teacher-designed classroom tests are frequently used in classroom settings, so it can be expected that such tests play a crucial role in the mediation of teaching and learning effects.
课堂测试是日常教学中经常使用的一种辅助手段。但是，由于一些大型化测试所带来的负面反拨效应，很多人对测试持一种反对态度，课堂测试的作用没有得到充分的重视。
Teacher-designed classroom tests are frequently used in classroom settings, so it can be expected that such tests play a crucial role in the mediation of teaching and learning effects.
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