这也对劳动力供给和养老金制度提出了挑战。
It also challenges the labor force supply and the pension system.
高产农民越多意味着有盈余可以供给城市；反过来，这为工厂创造了大量劳动力。
More productive farmers meant there was a surplus that could feed cities; in turn, that created a pool of labour for factories.
如果说世界对中国确有依赖，那它就是一种对中国充足的劳动力供给的依赖。
If there is a dependency of the world on China, it is a dependency on China's abundant Labour supply.
再加上劳动力供给的放缓，他得出美国的潜在增长率可能下降至2.5%的结论。
Coupled with the slowdown in Labour supply, he concludes that America's potential growth rate could fall to 2.5%.
劳动力供给突变的幅度大小取决于一国的感染率和死亡率高低。
Labor supply shocks varied depending on the infection rate and mortality in a given country.
因此我想以简单劳动力供给模型来思考这一问题是有意义的。
So I thought it might be worth thinking about this question in terms of a simple model of labor supply.
但是，工资上涨的主要原因是劳动力供给的缩减，这是由于珠三角地区势头高涨的劳动激进主义运动。
But the main reason is a diminishing Labour supply, helped in the delta by an uptick in Labour activism.
尽管他们对生产率和劳动力供给的预测是不同的，摩根大通的经济学家们对他的数据表示赞同。
Although their predictions for productivity and Labour supply are different, JPMorgan's economists agree with his figure.
我相信，我们当前的劳动力供给是前所未有的无法适应(当前环境)和不成熟。
I believe this present labor supply of ours is peculiarly unadaptable and untrained.
现在国会给外国工人以签证保护，这样刻板的系统并不能使得劳动力供给与需求相符。
Congress now caps visas for foreign workers, a clunky system that does not match supply too precisely with demand.
自1991年起劳动力供给以年均1.1%的速度增长。
Since 1991 the Labour supply has risen at an average annual pace of 1.1%.
提供财政激励以鼓励人们推迟退休，从而可以增加劳动力供给：50岁以上的人群中，只有60%的男性和30%的女性有工作。
And financial incentives to encourage workers to retire later could also boost the Labour supply: only 60% of men and 30% of women aged over 50 have jobs.
尽管年轻人口的数量下降了，但是劳动力供给很多是由人口统计之外的因素所决定。
Even when the number of young people drops, the Labour supply is determined by more than demographics.
鉴于这个劳动力供给和劳动力需求特性的简短调查，对失业有什么观点吗？
In the light of this brief survey of the characteristics of the labor supply and the probable demand for labor, what is the outlook for unemployment?
它由劳动力供给(工人数量和工作时间)的增长与生产率提高的速度决定。
It is determined by growth in the supply of labor (the number of workers and how long they toil) along with the speed with which productivity improves.
当然，美国的雇主由于额外的劳动力供给而获得了利益。
Employers in the United States gain, of course, from the extra supply of labor.
自1991年以来，劳动力供给的年均增长率是1.1%，在未来的10年里，国会预算办公室预计只有0.6%的年均增长率。
Since 1991 the Labour supply has risen at an average annual pace of 1.1%. Over the next decade the Congressional Budget Office expects a 0.6% annual increase.
它保证了苹果公司可以受益于中国充分的廉价劳动力供给。
It ensured Apple could benefit from China's ample supply of cheap labor.
达格：“这将进而演变为劳动力供给减少。
城市接纳农村流动人口，从近期看，可以增加城市劳动力供给，减缓城市老龄化速度，减轻城市抚养比；
The city admitting floating population from rural area increases the supply of workforce in urban area and slows down the aging speed in cities in the near future.
书中关于劳动力供给的这一部分就是从实际工资增长的历史开始讲起的。
The section on Labour supply begins with the history of real wage growth.
劳动力供给方面，其影响因素有人口因素、劳动力参与率和宏观经济的周期波动等。
From the aspect of labor supply, the factors consist of population, labor participation rate, and the cyclical fluctuation of macroeconomic growth.
现阶段，我国面临着产业结构升级与劳动力供给大量增加的矛盾。
At present, China is confronted with the contradiction that industry structure should upgrade and labor force will increase in excessive scale.
它既包含了理论的贡献，诸如最优化收入及商品课税理论，也包含了实证研究，例如课税如何影响劳动力供给的研究。
It covers both theoretical contributions, such as the theory of optimal income and commodity taxation, as well as empirical work, such as the study of how taxes affect labor supply.
“劳动者工资上涨将推动价格中枢的上升，劳动力供给充分条件下的低通胀态势将不可持续，”他写道。
"Workers' rising wages will push up the cost core so that the low inflation possible when labor supply was abundant will be unsustainable," he wrote.
因此，它无法预测出经济不稳定时容易发生的就业市场大幅波动或劳动力供给的突然变化。
Thus its forecasts don't predict the big job-market swings or sudden changes in the supply of workers that can easily happen in a volatile economy.
现阶段中国城市次级劳动力市场中存在着这样一种现象：民工的劳动供给与工资正反馈向下直至工资趋于民工的保留工资。
There exists in the current urban secondary labor market the phenomenon that the labor supply of rural laborers and their wages exhibit downward positive feedback approaching their reservation wage.
这三个地方都具备良好的劳动力供给而且运行成本具有可比性。虽然我猜想普利茅斯会稍微便宜一些—然而这是离伦敦公路和铁路最远的地方。
All three places had a good Labour supply and running costs were comparable, although I guess Plymouth is slightly cheaper - while being the furthest by road and rail from London.
总量失业的治理不外乎是两个方法：一是减少劳动力供给。
Two methods are available for tackling national unemployment: one is to reduce supply of labor force.
总量失业的治理不外乎是两个方法：一是减少劳动力供给。
Two methods are available for tackling national unemployment: one is to reduce supply of labor force.
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