既然实证主义不能解释哲学和理论，以及由此制定的计划和政策。那么其所谓的刺激—反应机制，就自证其错。
As long as positivism does not explain philosophies and theories, and the plans and policies derived from them, in terms of its stimulus-response scheme, it defeats itself.
奖赏译码理论预测多巴胺神能经元对于令人厌恶的刺激会被抑制或者不反应。
Reward coding theories predict that dopamine neurons will be inhibited by or will not respond to aversive stimuli.
其中听说法依据斯金纳等人的刺激-反应理论和奥斯古德的传递论，认为学习是通过强化和条件反射形成的。
For example, listening and speaking method accords with Skinner's Stimulation and Response theory, holding that study is formed through reinforcement and conditional response.
基于以上基础，桑代克等研究者提出了学习的刺激-反应理论。
Researchers like Edward L. Thorndike built upon these foundations and, in particular, developed an s-r (stimulus-response) theory of learning.
现有拥挤理论从环境刺激和个体行为反应等多个角度对拥挤进行了阐释。
Current crowding theories explain crowding through the following aspects: environmental stress, individual behavior reactions etc.
现有拥挤理论从环境刺激和个体行为反应等多个角度对拥挤进行了阐释。
Current crowding theories explain crowding through the following aspects: environmental stress, individual behavior reactions etc.
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