结论是：只要竞争存在，交易或制度费用一定存在。
The upshot is that so long as competition exists, transaction/institution costs must also exist.
我认为应该称为制度费用才对，即是只有社会才能出现的费用。
I prefer to use the term institution costs, or costs that exist only in a society.
其一，土地的租值会上升而交易或制度费用会下降——这下降是减下去，在我们的例子中是租值代替了交易费用。
First, land rents would rise and transaction/institution costs would fall –– this fall represents a deduction, and in our example it is the former partially replacing the latter.
跟着的含意是，如果我们能认定这些费用在哪方面有了转变，制度的转变可以推断。
The implication followed is that if we are able to identify specific changes in these costs, then institutional change could be predicted.
该人士指出，“教宗本笃和贝尔托内枢机为执行更严格的制度...但在挤压协调费用或允许它时（原文如此），就可以听到不同的声音。
The source notes that "Pope Benedict and Cardinal Bertone run a much tighter ship ... but at the expense of squashing coordination or allow (sic) dissenting voices to be heard."
根据苹果在开发商网页公布的内容：它将采用相同的佣金制度（commissionstructure），开发商在这个平台上发布免费应用程序不用支付任何费用。
According to what Apple has released on its developers’ page, it will use the same commission structure as it has in place eslewhere, with no cost to developers releasing free apps on the platform.
Zubrow发言的主旨在于巴塞尔协议三中最低1%的额外资本费用、一级资本金比率不得低于7%的强制性制度是完全没有必要，并且具有破坏性。
The thrust of Mr Zubrow’s argument is that a meaningful extra layer of capital of 1% or more, on top of the minimum 7% requirements that the new Basel 3 regime imposes, is unnecessary and damaging.
自从《每日电讯报》开始揭露议员们如何滥用其松散的报销制度[注2：按规定下院议员每年出于公务需要，可以报销一定金额的费用，但许多议员却把钱用来补贴家用，此举被《每日电讯报》率先披露后酿成丑闻]以来，2周过去了。
A fortnight has elapsed since the Daily Telegraph newspaper began exposing MPs’ abuses of their lax expenses regime.
众所周知美国的医疗制度一直倍受责难，包括高昂的医疗费用支出和过度治疗。
No one denies that the American system has problems, including its extraordinarily high costs and unnecessary treatments.
你可以通过使用保险制度来付外国机场租车公司要求的额外费用以此省一笔钱。
You could save a fortune by using an insurance policy to cover the extras demanded by rental firms at foreign airports.
这种制度不是完全没有道理，毕竟那些耗用大量带宽的用户能够预计到他们比耗用少量带宽的用户要付更多的费用。
Caps are not entirely unreasonable. After all, people who gulp down vast draughts of bandwidth might be expected to pay more than less grasping users.
嘉信理财是最早几个当固定经纪佣金制度被废除后，在1975年开始大幅度降低股票交易费用的公司之一。
Schwab was one of the first to slash the price of equity trades in 1975, when fixed brokerage commissions were abolished.
丽斯伯兹.克拉妮是马萨诸塞州牛顿市一位单身母亲，也是本案反对米亚德公司的原告之一，对她来说，目前基因检测专利制度最大的障碍是费用问题。
For Lisbeth Ceriani, a single mother from Newton, Mass., and a plaintiff in the case against Myriad, the biggest obstacle that gene patents present is one of cost.
当我说如果这些费用减低，收入会飙升，就是最顽固的旧制度维护者也难以应对。
When I wrote that if these costs were reduced income would shoot up, even the most stalwart defenders of the old regime could not handle the challenge.
欧洲企业在设法应对既费用高昂又纷繁复杂的专利制度。
EUROPE's companies negotiate a costly and tortuous patent regime.
从医疗优势计划的经验中我们已经明白，与现行体制比较，代金券制度只会提高而不是降低费用。
And we already know, from experience with the Medicare Advantage program, that a voucher system would have higher, not lower, costs than our current system.
Sheridan所在的公共机构还建立了转介制度，甚至筹款支付贫困儿童治疗的费用。
Sheridan's office also set up a system for referrals, even finding funding to pay for care for poor children.
为了更有效率，我们也可以为那些在出差时节省费用的员工提供一些刺激性的奖励制度。
To make this effective, we can offer some incentive reward to those who save costs in their travel.
把交易费用的减少作为制度进化的衡量标准，是一个值得怀疑的命题。
It is a questionable proposition to look transaction cost 's reducing as the standard of the institution evolution.
并从农作物生产力和产量、种植制度、区域农业生产及生产费用等几方面分析了气候变化对中国持续农业的影响。
The impact of climatic change on sustained agriculture in China is analysed according to the crop productivity and yield, cropping system, regional agricultural production and production cost.
阐述了在修船生产中建立机务费用审核审计制度的必要性以及应采取的措施，并通过实例说明其产生的经济效益。
This paper expounds the necessity of managing cost verification and audit system in ship repair, measures for achieving it and samples for showing its economic efficiency.
介绍了建立成本费用指标归口分级管理责任制度的基础、步骤及应注意的问题。
The foundation, steps and notes for establishing classification management responsibility system of cost expense index are introduced.
生育保险制度，调整了企业生育费用负担，由企业、个人、社会各负担一部分，实行社会统筹管理。
Birth insurance system, adjust the enterprise birth cost burden, by enterprise and individual, all social burden, execute a society to plan as a whole of management.
在当时的情况下法院运作过程中出现的一系列违规现象，分析之所以出现违规现象是因为经费无法保障，以及欠缺合理的诉讼费用制度。
The court had a lot of getting out of line phenomenon at that time, mainly because of the lack of fund and a short of reasonable litigation costs system.
在当时的情况下法院运作过程中出现的一系列违规现象，分析之所以出现违规现象是因为经费无法保障，以及欠缺合理的诉讼费用制度。
The court had a lot of getting out of line phenomenon at that time, mainly because of the lack of fund and a short of reasonable litigation costs system.
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