通过卡特尔进行的正式价格垄断，以及通过涵盖行业成员的协议进行的非正式价格垄断，都是司空见惯的。
Formal price-fixing by cartel and informal price-fixing by agreements covering the members of an industry are commonplace.
在法国，信用卡公司创建了EMV，部分原因是电话垄断的效率低得令人抓狂，而且价格昂贵。
In France, card companies created EMV in part because the telephone monopoly was so maddeningly inefficient and expensive.
华尔街商人们很喜欢报业公司，因为垄断能给业主们带来持续的快乐，你可以不断提高价格，没人能阻止你。
Wall Street loved the newspaper corporations, because monopolies are great fun for owners while they last; you can keep raising prices and no one can stop you.
任何意义上的垄断—一个买家，许多卖家——结果都是：卖家不得不让买家来确定价格。
As with any monopsony — one buyer, many sellers — the sellers are going to have their prices dictated by the buyer.
垄断是指企业面对着一条下降的需求曲线，却可以选择要价，即价格的上升不会把所有或者大部分顾客推向竞争对手。
A monopoly is a firm that faces a downward sloping demand, and has a choice about what price to charge - an increase in price doesn't send most or all of the customers away to rivals.
通常情况下，处于垄断地位的国家并不会直接抬高价格，它可以对这种商品征收出口税间接提价。
Instead of raising the price directly, the country can do so indirectly by imposing an export tax on the product--an export tariff.
不幸的是，这样的竞争结果不是降低价格，提升网速，而是成了狼狈为奸的两强垄断，这使得带宽非常有限，现有市场分崩离析。
Unfortunately, the result has not been competition to beat down prices and boost speeds, but cosy duopolies that keep bandwidth scarce and carve the market up between incumbents.
由于价格降低后，顾客的需求会上升，垄断巨头必须扩大生产，因此将会损失更大。
Since at the new low price customers will want to buy more than before, the monopolist must expand production, thus losing even more money.
如果供给和需求曲线均不变，那么垄断价格和数量是多少？
3 (Exercise) If both demand and supply have constant elasticity, compute the monopoly quantity and price.
该联盟网站上的一条公告称：Google的协议将会在电子图书领域造成垄断，不可避免地导致消费者选择的减少和更高的价格。
A Posting on the Alliance's website claims that the agreement would create a monopoly in digital books that would inevitably lead to fewer choices and higher prices for consumers.
他表示：“如果天然气价格上升，我们将不得不转嫁出去，因为我们不想见到(国家电力垄断公司)Tenaga亏本。”
"If there is a rise in the price of [natural] gas, we will have to pass that along, since we are not going to see Tenaga [the state power monopoly] lose money," he said.
Forrester咨询公司的J . P.Gownder说，不论这是不是真的，这一行动打破了蓝光对轰动性大片的垄断，播放机的价格现在就更加成为一个问题。
Whether or not this is true, the move broke Blu-ray's lock on blockbuster content, so the price of players will now become more of an issue, argues J.P. Gownder of Forrester, a consultancy.
如果构建新的Web应用程序，您可能是一个新市场的最先开拓者，从而形成垄断市场地位迫使竞争对手靠价格竞争来削弱您在市场上的主导地位。
If you are building new Web applications, you may be the first entrant in a new market creating a dominant market-share forcing competitors to compete on price to diminish your market dominance.
他们也不太可能获得许可去提高利润率(作为区域垄断，他们的价格是被设定的，并且他们的利润率是被监管者保证的)。
They are also unlikely to win permission to raise rates. (As regional monopolies, their prices are set and their profit margins are guaranteed by regulators.)
但要反垄断检察官发现一个市场占有率低于40％、且以这种方式搞垄断的企业，几乎是天方夜谭。而现在还没有一个投资银行的占有率与40%沾上边 ---》在市场占有率低于40%的情况下采取这样的价格主导手段是很罕见的。现在没有一家投行的市场占有率达到40%的水平。
But it is rare for trustbusters to find a single firm that dominates in this way with a market share below 40%. No investment bank comes close to that threshold.
一个垄断者可以直接选择价格，或者通过选择销售数量来间接调控价格。 因为成本是数量的函数，所以利用数量而不是价格会使得计算简单点。
(作为区域垄断，他们的价格被设定，边际效益由监管者保证)他们坚实牢固的信用评级可能被溶解。
(As regional monopolies, their prices are set and their profit margins are guaranteed by regulators.) their solid credit ratings could liquefy.
即使是处于自然垄断的公司也无法肆意提高产品价格。
Even a natural monopoly is limited in its ability to raise prices.
谢尔曼法案第二部分于1890年通过，对“垄断、或企图垄断”判为重罪；1914年的克莱顿法补充了价格歧视和其他削弱竞争的活动。
Section Two of the Sherman act, passed in 1890, made it a felony to "monopolize, or attempt to monopolize"; 1914's Clayton act added price discrimination and other activities that reduced competition.
但是克洛斯先生却将其看作“一种价格垄断行为”。
But Mr Clouse views it as "an exercise in monopoly pricing".
报告认为，在集中化程度高的行业把进口额占国内销售额的比例从零增加到25%可以通过降低消费价格将寡头垄断的利润率降低8%。
According to the report, increasing imports in concentrated industries from zero to 25 percent of domestic sales reduces oligopoly profit mark-ups by 8 percent through lower prices to consumers.
经过数年的调查之后，科赫公司石油管道和精炼部门的价格垄断为其招致了环保起诉和罚金。
The price-fixing convictions came after years of investigations, environmental lawsuits and fines that had plagued Koch’s oil pipeline and refining divisions.
本周，一项诉讼让我们想起在“信任破产”的19世纪，最大的铁路公司由于对燃料附加费的价格垄断而被指控。
This week, in a lawsuit that evokes memories of 19th-century trust-busting, the biggest railways are accused of price-fixing fuel surcharges.
今年夏天的早些时候，一位消费者在脸谱网上倡导的对松软干酪在全国范围内的抵制让国民的幻想彻底破灭。由于垄断，这种松软干酪的价格异常昂贵。
Earlier in the summer people’s imaginations had been fired by a lone consumer’s successful Facebook-driven countrywide boycott of cottage cheese which, thanks to a cartel, was exorbitantly expensive.
当存在垄断时，产品的价格通常比竞争市场里的更高，卖出的量更少，产生垄断利润。
Where a monopoly exists, the price of a product is likely to be higher than in a competitive market and the quantity sold less, generating monopoly profits for the seller.
我的医生为我的心脏病开的一些处方药在市场上只有一家制药商可提供，而且价格高昂，这是否构成垄断？
The medication my doctor prescribed for my heart condition is available from only one manufacturer, and the price is very high. Is that a monopoly?
我的医生为我的心脏病开的一些处方药在市场上只有一家制药商可提供，而且价格高昂，这是否构成垄断？
The medication my doctor prescribed for my heart condition is available from only one manufacturer, and the price is very high. Is that a monopoly?
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