其中一例估计了中微子质量。
本文介绍中微子质量测量的历史和现状。
The history and status of neutrino mass measurements are summarized in this paper.
在本论文，我们主要讨论了中微子振荡和中微子质量三个不同方面的问题。
The main parts of this dissertation include three topics on different aspects of neutrino oscillation and neutrino masses.
现在中微子质量和混合的标准图像是亚电子伏特质量的三味中微子间的双大混合。
Now the standard picture of neutrino masses and mixing is three neutrinos with sub-eV masses and bi-large mixing.
所幸的是，相当数量的中微子都是恒星内部核反应产生的，而这些星球上的中微子质量都相对较小。
Fortunately, much of that is produced by nuclear reactions in stars, and such stellar neutrinos have relatively low energies.
粒子物理学的资深研究者——史蒂夫·温伯格，他也是标准模型的创建者之一，称中微子质量的发现是四分之一个世纪以来，粒子物理学界最重要的发现。
Steve Weinberg, a doyen of particle physics who was one of the Model's architects, has described neutrino mass as the most important discovery in particle physics for a quarter of a century.
幸运的是，一些天体物理学家提出了一种通过控制海洋质量来探测宇宙中微子的方法。
Fortunately, a group of astrophysicists has proposed a means of detecting cosmic neutrinos by harnessing the mass of the ocean.
进一步证实中微子有质量的实验可以帮助物理学家确定这些理论中哪一个（如果有的话）是正确的。
Further experiments to confirm that neutrinos have mass could help physicists determine which, if any, of these theories is correct.
因为数量巨大，即使是很小的质量也意味着中微子会超过宇宙中所有可见的物质。
Even a tiny mass means that neutrinos would outweigh all the universe's visible matter, because of their vast numbers.
他们强烈表明中微子是有质量的，尽管质量是无穷小的。
They strongly suggest that the neutrino has mass, albeit an infinitesimal amount.
事实上，对象具有质量，根据爱因斯坦的理论，不管是人们的汽车，还是中微子，都不可能达到光的速度，因为它们要这样做就需要无限大的能量。
In fact, objects with mass, be they cars or neutrinos, can't reach the speed of light because they would need infinite energy to do so, according to the theory.
因为中微子的质量非常小，所以它的速度应该非常接近光速。
Since neutrinos have a tiny mass, the speed should be very close to the speed of light.
相比之下，由于中微子能够穿过任何物质，且具有很小的质量，因此被称为“魔鬼粒子”。
By contrast, neutrinos - said to be 'ghostly' because they can travel through anything - have a very small mass.
质量极小且不带电的中微子，是在核反应和粒子衰变中产生的。
Neutrinos, which have no charge and very little mass, form out of nuclear reactions and particle decays.
高能中微子没有电荷，事实上，甚至没有质量，所以它们可以毫无阻碍地通过星级间的磁场。
With no charge and practically no mass, high-energy neutrinos pass unperturbed through interstellar magnetic fields.
原因在于，星系中有众多的中微子，而当这些微不足道的质量加在一起时，其总和就会影响整个星系的分布。
Because there are so many neutrinos, their tiny masses add up to influence the overall distribution of galaxies.
研究员们暗示说，弥漫于大气中中微子（质量忽略不计）很少与其他物体发生相互作用，但是当它们发生相互作用，中微子的运动速度可以超过光速。
They suggested that neutrinos—ethereal particles which pervade the universe but rarely interact with anything while they are doing so—can travel faster than light.
反过来，这对首先揭示中微子如何获得质量应该大有帮助。
That, in turn, should shed light on how neutrinos acquire mass in the first place.
除了这三种变种以外，中微子还有另外三种不同的质量。
Besides their three varieties, neutrinos have three different masses.
因此，中微子是否具有静止质量，将极大地影响着宇宙中的质量密度，从而影响着宇宙演化的进程。
Hence, the rest-mass of the neutrino being non-vanishing would influence greatly the mass density and further the evolution of the universe.
中微子有质量吗？
在费米弱作用理论乃至弱电统一理论中，都是把中微子当作无静止质量的粒子来处理的。
In the Fermi weak interaction theory and even in the electro-weak unification theory, the neutrino is looked as the massless particle.
如果中微子有静止质量，将表现为中微子振荡。
If neutrinos are massive, there will be neutrino oscillation.
中微子占有中子质量的43％左右，如果把宇宙看成一个大中子，中微子则占宇宙总质量的43％，它就是所谓“暗物质”。
Neutrinos occupy about 43% of the neutron mass, If the universe as a medium and large child, Neutrino accounted for 43% of total mass of the universe, It is the so-called "dark matter".
发现中微子(几乎是无质量的粒子)在离开太阳之前可转化介子，解开了一个40年的谜。
A discovery that neutrinos, virtually massless particles, convert into other forms known as muon and tau before they leave the sun, solving a 40-year-old mystery.
现在，天天物理学家对中微子的质量上限作出了一个最佳测定。
Now astrophysicists have put a best-guess upper limit on the mass of the neutrino.
考虑静质量为零的中微子背景，探讨背景场对整体宇宙弦核外引力场的影响。
Considering the background of massless neutrino, probes into the effect of the background field on the gravitational field of a global cosmic string outside the core.
这些结果表明存在中微子振荡，即中微子具有质量。
These results imply that there are neutrino oscillations, this means that neutrino has mass.
中微子的质量是多少？
这些结果表明存在中微子振荡，即中微子具有质量。
Several experimental results on solar neutrino missing and on atmospheric muon neutrino missing are described.
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