一个环R∈（M）当且仅当R的每一个非零同态象或者包含一个非零M理想或者有本质理想。
A ring Re, (M) iff each nonzero homomorphic image of R either contains a nonzero M-ideal or has an essential ideal.
本文将完全刻划出无零因子环的所有幂自同态。
In this paper, we will completely characterize all power endomorphisms of rings without zero divisor.
使用安全多方计算和同态承诺的零知识证明，实现了所有权验证。
Furthermore, the ownership verification is implemented by using secure multiparty computation and zero-knowledge proofs with homomorphic commitments.
应用推荐