重建语音的听觉感知效果主要取决于附加相位对频率的导数的起伏幅度。
The auditory perception effect of the reconstructed speech is mainly dependent on the amplitude of the derivative of the additive phase with respect to frequency.
硅片的表面起伏幅度、起伏的空间波长、表面张力、材料弹性和硅片厚度都是影响接触表面缝隙封闭的重要因素。
The important factors influencing the gaps closing include the gap height, the spatial wavelength, the specific surface energy of adhesion, the material deformability and the silicon wafer thickness.
而人民币实际有效汇率从那时起几乎没有起伏；只有小幅升值，幅度不大。
And you can see that China's real effective exchange rate has scarcely moved since that time; there has been a little appreciation, but nothing dramatic.
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