议价成本(Bargaining costs): 从没有共识到彼此有共识所花费的成本。这样的成本与双 方 认知的差距及彼此所拥有的信息是否不对称等因素有密 切相关。
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...容亦可以交易行为发生的时间为基准,分为事前成本与事后成本,事前成本包括信息搜寻成本(search cost)、议价成本(negotiation cost)与契约制订成本(contracting cost),事后成本包括监督成本(monitoring cost)及执行成本(enforcement cost) ..
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议价与决策成本 bargaining and decision costs
虽然一些社会主义者确实将抗议价格视为向社会主义迈出的直接一步，但大多数社会主义者最终寻求将生活成本运动转移到抗议的其他渠道。
While some Socialists did view price protests as a direct step toward socialism, most Socialists ultimately sought to divert the cost-of-living movement into alternative channels of protest.
答案在于，在有交易成本的情况下，与外部的市场交易相比，公司决策的正式权力也许能够更好地解决议价问题。
The answer is that in the presence of transaction costs, the formal authority of company decision-making may solve bargaining problems better inside the firm than market trading outside.
大部分大学运营成本很高，并没有合理的使用它们的建筑。私营机构能够更好的采购，因为它们是议价的高手。
Most universities are running at high costs and don't properly utilise their buildings. The private sector is better at procurement because they are keener at negotiating better prices.
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