...样的'国际社会'(International Community)几乎在十七世纪的欧洲就已经形成，一般被称为'西欧国家体系(The Western State System)。在那里，具有主权国家平等的原则和实力均衡(balance of powers)这两根基本支柱，'国家理性'是在两根支柱下展开的。
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这其中重点论述了18世纪以来，随着俄国成为欧洲国际体系的重要一员，西欧国家对俄罗斯的影响也日益增强，进而引发俄国国内产生不同的观点和反应。
The key point of this chapter is that there were various views and reactions to the Europe in virtue of the western European countries' great influence on Russian increasing since the 18~(th) century.
英国等西欧国家有着悠久的济贫传统，其济贫法制体系与实践亦相当成熟。
Western European countries represented as UK have age-old tradition of relief of the poor.
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