此外，由于宇宙膨胀，物体(比如恒星或星系)离开地球的速度，通过红移可以被算出来。
In addition, the speed at which an object such as a star or galaxy is moving away from Earth, because of the expansion of the universe, can be worked out from its red-shift.
一旦计算出了摘要，它就与消息一起被传送。
Once computed, the digest is transmitted along with the message.
列维认为，云计算出现宕机通常非常少见，但更容易被外界察觉。
Levie argues that cloud outages are generally rare but much more visible to the outside world.
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