商业利用侵权的抗辩事由为合理使用、权利用尽、善意侵权和非自愿许可。
The defenses of infringements of commercial-type use include fair use, exhaustion of rights, infringement of goodwill, non-voluntary license.
根据1995年专利法第57条第1款的规定，部长必须确认在颁发强制许可之前专利权人不愿意给予自愿许可。
Under section 57, subsection 1 of the Patents Act 1995, the Minister must make certain that the patent holder is unwilling to issue a voluntary licence before issuing a compulsory licence.
在本文中笔者详细论述了“非自愿许可”制度的几种详细情形，具体为法定许可制度、强制许可制度以及合理使用制度。
In this paper, certain types of 'unauthorized license' system are expounded in detail: statutory license system, compulsory license system, and fair use.
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