笛卡尔主义认为，精神和物质是两种绝对不同的实体，精神的本质在于思想，物质的本质在于广袤；物质不能思想，精神没有广袤；二者彼此完全独立，不能由一个决定或派生另一个。
请注意笛卡尔所正在做的，他正在利用怀疑主义,还记得他在开始的时候说过,我不接受任何东西，除非是确凿肯定的。
So notice what he's doing, he's using his scepticism remember he started out saying I'm not going to accept anything except what is completely certain.
很快笛卡尔运用非常极端的方式来应对怀疑主义。
Now very quickly Descartes way of dealing with skepticism is quite an extreme one.
这经常被看成是笛卡尔二元论的主要问题,因为如果你是一位二元论主义者，那你就必须拒绝因果完结。
Now, it's often said this is a major problem for Cartesian dualism because if you're a dualist then it looks like you have to deny causal closure.
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