在饥荒、疾病和苦难中，气候突变的代价往往很高。

The price of sudden climate change, in famine, disease and suffering, was often high.

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此外，创始者突变的单一拷贝通常赋予携带者生存优势。

Furthermore, the single copy of a founder mutation often confers a survival advantage on carriers.

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例如，因为突变的基因可以提高铁的吸收效率，所以遗传性血色素沉着病突变可以保护带菌者不缺铁。

For example, the hereditary hemochromatosis mutation protects carriers from iron-deficiency because the mutated gene allows increased efficiency of iron absorption.

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And one bit of evidence that these genes are implicated is that some unfortunate people have point mutations in these genes.

证明这些基因起作用的一些证据,是这些基因会在某些不幸的人身上,发生点突变

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Maybe Merton Miller is right-- these things are "neutral mutations" and changes in dividend policy are meaningless.

也许莫顿·米勒是对的,这些都是"中性突变",变更股利政策是无意义的

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It's going to make a lot more sense later on when we introduce mutation into our language, but I want you to start thinking of it that way.

这个功能在我们以后介绍突变的时候,会有更大的作用，但是我想要大家，现在就开始思考它。

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