当气体变得异常炽热，电子脱离了原子核，留下一团带电荷的粒子，等离子体就形成了。

Plasma forms when gas becomes so hot that electrons are stripped from atomic nuclei, leaving behind a soup of charged particles.

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电子脱离的过程，即离子化，把氦气从华氏18’000度加热到40’000度（摄氏10’000度至22’000度）。

The electron-stripping process, known as ionization, heated the helium gas from 18, 000 to nearly 40, 000 degrees Fahrenheit (10, 000 to 22, 000 degrees Celsius).

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光谱中光的能量是不同的(蓝光比红光更具能量)，但是只需一种确定的能量来碰触电子使其脱离。

The energy of light varies across the spectrum (blue light is more energetic than red) but only a certain amount of energy is needed to knock an electron free.

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So you don't want to put in a negative energy, that's not going to help you out, you need to put in positive energy to get an electron out of the system. So that's why you'll find binding energies are always negative, and ionization energies are always going to be positive, or you could look at the equation and see it from there as well.

因为这对电离没有帮助,你需要一个正的能量,使得电子脱离这个系统,这就是为什么你会发现,结合能总是负的而电离能总是正的,或者你们看这个方程也可以发现这一点。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

I am going to say if that electron is to stay in its orbit, that is to say it doesn't flee the atom, it doesn't collapse under the nucleus then the sum of the forces on the electron must be zero No net force. And so that will be the sum of a dynamic force plus an electrostatic.

如果电子会保持在它的轨道上运行,既不脱离原子的话，它就不会由于原子核对它的吸引力而被瓦解掉,电子所受的合力一定为零,由于没有合力,所以电子所受力为动态力和静电力的总和。

麻省理工公开课 - 固态化学导论课程节选