含有铁、钯、铂和稀土元素的化合物呈现强顺磁性，因为这些元素的原子有不完全的内电子壳层。

Compounds containing iron, palladium, platinum, and the rare-earth elements exhibit strong paramagnetism because they have atoms with some incomplete inner electron shells.

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遗憾的是，一秒钟的标准定义依赖于原子在绝对零度的条件，而实际的时钟需要在室温下运行，室温条件下电子壳层膨胀了。

Unfortunately, the standard definition of a second relies on what the atom does at a temperature of absolute zero. Real clocks need to run at room temperature, where the shell of electrons puffs up.

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原子的基态是原子能量的最低状态，这对于研究原子的电子壳层结构具有重要的意义，本文给出了确定原子基态的一种方法。

Atomic ground state is the minimum state of atomic energy, which is significance to the study of electric shell structure of atom.

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So in terms of total numbers that we would need to complete our octets and fill our valence shells, we would need 18 electrons.

因此要填满我们的“八隅体“,排满所有的价壳层，我们总共需要十八个电子。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

The reason is because we already have a full valence shell for our hydrogen, it doesn't want any more electrons.

原因是因为我们的氢,已经有一个排满的价壳层了，它不再需要多余的电子了。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

But still, when we're talking about the radial probability distribution, what we actually want to think about is what's the probability of finding the electron in that shell?

但当我们讲到径向概率分布时,我们想做的是考虑，在某一个壳层里,找到电子的概率,就把它想成是蛋壳？

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选