森林生态效益外部性具有数量庞大、时空转移性、持续复杂性等特征。
The forest ecosystem externalities feature large volume, space-time transfer, continuance and complexity.
为认识放牧系统的复杂性和稳定性，产生了放牧系统的平衡生态学和非平衡生态学原理。
To understand the complexity and stability in grazing systems, the equilibrium and non-equilibrium ecology theory have been developed.
景观生态学的综合研究包括景观的复杂性、全球环境问题、遥感和GIS技术以及文化等与景观生态学的综合研究。
The holistic research in landscape ecology includes the complexity of landscape, the global environmental problem, the Remote Sensing and GIS technology and the culture with landscape ecology.
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