From the precedents and theories of the United States, the criterion to decide whether a defendant has violated his duty of care to the plaintiff, or that to decide negligence, is the "reasonably prudent person standard".
美国的判例和学说表明,在过失侵权诉讼中,判断被告是否违反其对原告负有的注意义务,或者说过失的判断标准主要是“理性人标准”。
参考来源 - 论美国侵权法上违反注意义务的判断标准·2,447,543篇论文数据，部分数据来源于NoteExpress
前者又可从行为人以及行为的角度分为理性人标准和危险标准；后者又可分为习惯和惯例标准，法律标准以及事实自证标准。
The former includes reasonable man criterion and danger theory criterion and the latter include custom, usage, law and fact self-proving criterion.
比如说，标准经济学假设人是理性的，这种假设通常是对的：在啤酒价格上涨时，多数人都会少喝一些啤酒。
For example, the standard economic assumption that people are rational is usually a good one: when the price of beer rises, most people drink less beer.
标准金融学认为，投资者是理性人，即使大部分投资者是非理性人，但是由于完美套利的存在，市场也将是有效市场。
The Standard Finance Theory holds that investors are rational, and the security market is efficient due to the possibility of perfect arbitrage, even if most of the investors are irrational.
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