• 4）火山颈（volcanic neck）：火山锥被剥蚀后，出露的 火山管道中的充填物。一般在浅部直径较大，向深处缩小， 上部喇叭状，中部筒状，下部墙状。
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牛头山古火山历经四期喷发，地表可见四层喷溢相玄武岩层和两处火山颈相岩石出露。
The porosity and permeability of typical basaltic rocks have been analyzed. Four effusive facies basalt layers and two volcanic necks with rock outcrops can be identified.
昌乐蓝宝石闻名遐尔，但蕴藏蓝宝石的火山岩及火山群却少有人知。 昌乐县境内几十个由新近纪临朐群牛山组尧山组玄武岩构成的山包，大都是古火山口（颈）。
Many mountains in Changle county which were composed of basalts in Niushan and Yaoshan formation of Linqu group in New Neogene period are mainly Neo-volcanic craters.
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