volcanic carst 火山喀斯特是指在新火山喷出物覆盖区发育的类似喀斯特的形态。它是凝灰岩、集块岩等火山碎屑岩，因含有不稳定矿物受流水溶蚀而形成的微地貌。
第三种类型的山脉可能由于火山活动而形成，火山活动发生在活跃的褶皱山脉带上，如北美洲西部的喀斯特山脉。
A third type of mountain may be formed as aresult of volcanic activity which occurs in regions of active fold mountain belts, such as in the Cascade Range of western North America.
湖泊分类：构造湖、火山口湖、冲积残留湖、堰塞湖、冰川湖、喀斯特湖、风成湖、陨石撞击湖和人工湖。
Types of lakes: tectonic lake, crater lake, fluvial lake, dammed lake, glacier lake, karst lake, Aeolian lake, impact crater lake and artificial lake.
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