在每种情况下，都讨论了溢出的变动对R&D支出、产量、利润、消费者剩余和社会福利的影响。

The effects of change of spillovers on R&D expenditures, outputs, profits, consumer surplus and social welfare are analyzed under every case.

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在有技术授权的情况下，社会福利、消费者剩余与产品品质将恒不劣于无技术授权。

The social welfare, consumer surplus, and the production quality, no matter under what form of technology licensing, are by all means no less than that without technology licensing.

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本文针对上游企业和下游企业均为垄断企业的情况，对上游或下游垄断企业实施价格规制，以比较分析价格规制前后的价格、消费者剩余和社会福利。

The government don't set down the price in most of competitive industry at all, and the consumers benefit more from the competitive commodity market.

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And then from a welfare point of view, from a policy point of view, we're interested about whether this is good for consumers or good for producers or what.

其次,从政治上的福利观点来看,我们还需要研究,这对消费者有利还是对生产者有利

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