有机卤代物的光反应作为构建碳-碳键和碳-杂原子键的一种重要途径已经得到了广泛和深入的研究。

As an important approach of carbon-carbon bond formation and carbon-heteroatom bond formation, photochemistry of organic halides has been studied extensively.

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If we think about bringing in those last two carbons, what you can see is that for every carbon, two of its hybrid orbitals are being used to bond to other carbons.

如果我们考虑引入最后两个碳原子，你会看到的是对于每个碳原子，其中的两个杂化轨道,和另外的碳原子成键。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

So, if we think about this z bonding axis between the two carbon atoms, we can picture overlap of those s p hybrid orbitals, and then we can also picture bonding to hydrogen.

如果我们考虑,两个碳原子之间的z成键轴，我们可以画出sp杂化轨道的交叠，我们也可以画出和氢原子的成键。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

So if we still have an angle of a 109 . 5 degrees, and again, we still have four unpaired electrons available for bonding, we can make one of those bonds with another s p 3 hybridized carbon, so we're going to make up one pair here.

如果键角仍然是109。,同样，我们还有4个未配对的电子可以用来成键，我们可以用其中的一个,和另外一个sp3杂化碳原子成键，这样我们可以组成一对。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选