价格变量曾经被视为过程的主导因素，现在从属于新产品、新业务结构和新技术的竞争。
The price variable, once perceived as the dominant aspect of the process, is now subordinate to the competition of the new product, the new business structure, and the new technology.
这是一项艰苦的工作，但当你阅读时，你会发现曾经被视为一种义务的事情现在变成了一种乐趣。
It's hard work, but while you are reading, you'll find that what once seemed like a duty is now a pleasure.
他们也曾经被视为中国城市的二等公民。
They also have traditionally been treated as second class citizens in urban China.
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