将这些方程组简化后，用于刚性明挖基础的计算，结果基底竖向应力和目前通行的计算方法完全相同。
Simplifing the equations and using them to the calculations of rigid foundations, the results of vertical pressure stresses are same completely with the traditional theory.
明挖扩大基础基坑开挖时，土方采用挖掘机开挖，并由人工配合进行边坡修理、基坑顶面排水沟的修建等辅助工作。
For open spread foundation, the pit is excavated by excavators for earth work with manpower to trim the side slope and build the ditch on top of base pit.
本文给出了重力式桥墩与明挖基础整体优化设计的数学模型，选择序列线性规划法，并利用线性规划的对偶理论求最优解。
In this paper, a mathematical model for integral optimization design of pier shaft and its foundation is given, and the SLP method and duality theory are applied here to have a optimal solution.
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