这些城市的政治和经济生活以寺庙为中心，但现在看来，这些城市很可能在早期就有世俗统治者。

The political and economic life of the cities was centered on their temples, but it now seems probable that the cities had secular rulers from earliest times.

youdao

This idea may be rooted in the Ancient Near Eastern political sphere in which sovereigns would single out vassals for the status of special property; and in fact the word used is a word we do find in Exodus.

这个观点也许根植在古代近东的政治氛围中,统治者会将纳贡者独立出来放在特有财产的地位上,并且实际上用在这里的词是我们在,出埃及记中的看到的词语。

耶鲁公开课 - 旧约导论课程节选