简单来说，中继器将正常情况下收到的信号，和数据碰撞时产生的拥塞信号重复发送到所有的端口。
The hub or repeater simply repeats an incoming signal on all ports and also sends the jam signal to all ports if there’s a collision.
为了确保发送干涉信息的源头也能知晓发生了数据碰撞，发射站在检测到碰撞后，要发一个是32比特的倍数的拥塞信号。
Just to make sure that the source of the interfering transmission also detects a collision, upon detecting a collision, a station sends a "jam" signal for 32 bit times.
城市地面交通的拥塞主要是由于交叉口的信号配时引起的，由此限制了路段的通行能力。
Congestion of urban traffic is mostly due to the problem of signal timing at intersections, which limits the full usage of roads.
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