一些研究表明，据报道，在工业化国家中，住院患者接受外科手术而导致严重并发症的比率为3 - 16%，其中永久性残疾或死亡率约为0.4 - 0.8%。

Several studies have shown that in industrial countries major complications occur in 3% to 16% of inpatient surgical procedures, and permanent disability or death rates are about 0.4% to 0.8%.

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