为了考虑中间压电层与上、下功能梯度层之间的粘结效果，采用线性弹簧模型以模拟界面性能。

To consider the effect of bonding characteristics of the adhesives between the piezoelectric layer and the functionally graded ones, a linear spring layer model is adopted.

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为了考虑中间压电层与上、下功能梯度层之间的粘结效果，采用线性弹簧模型以模拟界面性能。

State space formulations are developed to study a simply supported hybrid beam consisting of two functionally graded material layers and an intermediate actuating or sensing piezoelectric layer.

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