与此相反，异质产品之间存在显著的差距，是不容易互相替代的。
In contrast, heterogeneous products differ significantly from each other and are not easily substitutable.
并通过分析发现生产成本、运输成本、集聚效应以及异质产品之间的替代系数是汽车产业集群形成的决定因素。
Studies reveal that manufacturing cost, transportation cost, accumulative effect and heterogeneous product are determining factors for automobile industrial cluster.
假设不存在模仿的可能性，发现在古诺异质产品市场中，两部制许可方式和单一的提成许可方式都有可能成为最优的许可权策略。
Suppose there is no imitation, license contract with two-part tariff or pure royalty per unit may be the optimal licensing strategy in product-differentiated Cournot Duopoly.
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