纠错意义则更窄,专指对语言错误的改正,它包括以反馈的形式提供否定证据(negative evidence)以使学习者注意他们所犯的错误(E1lis,1994:584)。
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有了这些证据,尼斯湖水怪的真实性既没有被否定也没有被证实----尽管那些坐在研究室的科学家可能不同意尼斯湖水怪的存在。
Because of this evidence, The Loch Ness Monster has been neither confirmed nor denied—though the scientists in the room may beg to differ.
科学家先从事观测,再提出假设来解释观测结果,然后对假设进行系统地检验,寻找证据来支持或者否定这一假设。
A scientist makes observations, poses a hypothesis to explain the observations, and then systematically tests the hypothesis, looking for evidence that either supports or refutes its validity.
由于缺乏证据或由于OK一词产生于那些可能产生该词的事情以前,这些流行的说法都可能被否定。
These can all be dismissed because of lack of evidence or because OK predates the events that supposedly led to creation.
No, and there's several demonstrations at the time of Skinner suggesting that they don't.
答案是否定的,早在斯金纳的时代就已经有证据表明,动物无需强化与惩罚也能进行学习。
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