在中世纪，一把长矛被放在骑手的臂膀下，以统一骑手和武器的力量，一旦受到冲击，持兵器者就会向后摔下马去。

In medieval times, a lance couched under the rider's arm, unifying the force of rider and weapon, would throw its wielder backwards off the horse at impact.

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这些灾难对个体产生冲击，使那些幸存者必须要应对创伤、痛苦和危机。

They impact on individuals to create survivors who must cope with trauma, loss and crisis.

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除了难以预料外源性事件所带来的冲击力外，投资者们忽略这些事件可能还有其他原因。

Apart from the difficulty of forecasting the impact of exogenous events, investors may have another reason for ignoring them.

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