为了减轻环境问题，在近数十年来，一些国家已经制定了以市场为导向的政策工具，如环境税、费，或排放交易等。

To mitigate environmental problems, in recent decades some countries have developed a variety of market-oriented policy tools, such as environmental taxes, fees, or emission trading.

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不过最激进的改变在于他们提出的以市场为导向的学校政策。

But there is nothing as radical as their market-driven schools policy.

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项目实施以来，建立了一套以政策手段与市场机制相结合，以优化成本效益为导向，兼顾环境社会效益与农民利益的补贴及管理机制。

CRP has established an optimal cost-benefit oriented mechanism, by means of policy and market, taking into account both environmental social benefits and farmers' interests.

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